{
  "abstract": "Background: A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move tools through varied motions. In surgery, robots have been introduced for their tireless operation, precision, and consistency. However, the use of cranial neurosurgical robots remains in its infancy.\n\nMethods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar. This search focused on the first clinical applications of robotics in cranial neurosurgery to date. A manual search was also conducted.\n\nResults: Twenty robotic systems were identified. Sixteen were passive devices primarily used for stereotactic neurosurgery. Shared and supervisory‐controlled robots are increasing in prevalence due to technological advances. Eight systems are commercially available, highlighting their success in meeting clinical needs.\n\nConclusion: It is apparent that the landscape is dominated by stereotactic robots with passive functioning. There is an increasing prevalence of active and shared‐control systems. Advancements in technology, cost and learning curve remain barriers to the scalability of neurosurgical robots.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Aintree University Hospital Liverpool UK",
    "School of Medicine University of Lancashire Preston UK",
    "Imperial College London London UK",
    "Royal Preston Hospital Preston UK"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anjum Aarifa Khanom",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-5905-6594"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Callum Ward"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Joseph Davids"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Arup Ray"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Aprajay Golash"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Andrew Alalade",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5601-0502"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/982gvmxa2p9y8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/rcs.70251",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13732643/",
  "id": "982gvmxa2p9y8",
  "issns": [
    "1478-5951",
    "1478-596X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/rcs.70251",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2746|History of Medical Practice"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225233332",
  "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/rcs.70251",
  "pmcid": "PMC13732643",
  "pmid": "42979832",
  "published": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/982gvmxa2p9y8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:22:35Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13732643",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/rcs.70251"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|History of Medical Practice",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A Timeline of Clinical Applications of Robots in Cranial Neurosurgery",
  "title_text": "A Timeline of Clinical Applications of Robots in Cranial Neurosurgery",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:22:35Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/982gvmxa2p9y8",
  "venue": "The International Journal of Medical Robotics + Computer Assisted Surgery",
  "versions": []
}