{
  "abstract": "Background: Brace treatment can contribute to the progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) along with skeletal maturity and curve severity. However, other contributing factors remain unclear. We aimed to identify factors associated with the progression of AIS, focusing on skeletal muscle mass.\n\nMethods: The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) female patients, (2) Risser grade 0–2 at the initial examination and ≤ 2 years postmenarche, (3) major Cobb angle of 10°–39° at baseline, (4) Risser grade ≥ 4 and ≥ 2 years postmenarche at final evaluation, and (5) follow-up of ≥ 2 years. In total, 149 patients with AIS were included. The assessed variables included major curve Cobb angle, age, height, age at menarche, extracurricular sports involvement, family history of scoliosis, curve type, Risser grade, body mass index, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), trunk skeletal muscle mass index (TSMI), and brace compliance. Skeletal muscle mass was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis of skeletal maturity. Patients were classified into the progression (≥ 10° Cobb increase; n = 61) and nonprogression (n = 88) groups for comparison.\n\nResults: Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between the nonprogression and progression groups in height increase (6.9 cm vs. 10.8 cm), age at menarche (11.6 years vs. 12.2 years), curve type (major thoracic scoliosis: 67% vs. 92%), Risser grade (grade 0: 33% vs. 57%), ASMI (6.13 kg/m² vs. 5.92 kg/m²), TSMI (7.27 kg/m² vs. 6.97 kg/m²), and major Cobb angle at final examination (30.0° vs. 44.4°). Multivariate analysis identified major thoracic scoliosis (odds ratio [OR] 4.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.535–15.175), height increase (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.031–1.360), and TSMI (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.101–0.914) as factors associated with curve progression.\n\nConclusions: Although skeletal maturity largely determines AIS progression, trunk muscle mass may also play a role during growth. Future studies should explore targeted interventions to improve muscle condition for better scoliosis management.\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-026-10177-5.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Niigata Spine Surgery Center, Kameda Daiichi Hospital, 2-5-22 Nishi-machi, Konan-ku, Niigata, 950-0165 Japan",
    "Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan",
    "Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Minami-Uonuma, Japan"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kei Watanabe"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Masayuki Ohashi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hideki Tashi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yohei Shibuya"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Keitaro Minato"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Toru Hirano"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kazuhiro Hasegawa"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/989g40kj8q5g7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s12891-026-10177-5",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13711831/",
  "id": "989g40kj8q5g7",
  "issns": [
    "1471-2474"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-026-10177-5",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2746|Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7171674663",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13711831",
  "pmid": "42934602",
  "published": "2026-07-29",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/989g40kj8q5g7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:22:32Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13711831",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-026-10177-5"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multifactorial analysis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis progression: the potential role of trunk skeletal muscle mass",
  "title_text": "Multifactorial analysis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis progression: the potential role of trunk skeletal muscle mass",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:22:32Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/989g40kj8q5g7",
  "venue": "BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders",
  "versions": []
}