{
  "abstract": "The large-scale photo-electrochemical production of hydrogen (and oxygen) from water using concentrated sunlight is a promising route for producing fuels and chemicals from abundant and renewable energy sources. However, demonstrations of its ability to enable long-term and large-scale production, as well as evidence that the products can be produced flexibly and on-demand, are still needed. With our solar hydrogen facility, we introduce and demonstrate various operational strategies, including on-sun, grid-operated, and hybrid operation. We show the flexible long-term operation of such a system for over 992 hours, with a cumulative hydrogen production of 7.8 kg and 45.0 kg, originating from sunlight and grid-electricity, respectively. Average and peak hydrogen production during on-sun operation were 0.33 Nm3 h−1 (1.00 kW) and 0.54 Nm3 h−1 (1.59 kW), respectively. Performance degradation was below 10 mV per cell over a period of 411 hours. In addition, we demonstrate flexible operation of this device under dynamic irradiation conditions with a constant and controllable hydrogen output. This is achieved through the real-time adjusted supply of external electricity, potentially avoiding accelerated degradation, improving the capacity factor of the device, and allowing integration with a wider range of downstream processes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "aLaboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.",
    "bSoHHytec SA, EPFL Innovation Park, Batiment C, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland."
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Guilherme Armas",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2342-6608"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ehsan Rezaei",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1053-6779"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nathaniel Mutrux"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Isaac Holmes-Gentle",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7406-8396"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Saurabh Tembhurne"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sophia Haussener",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3044-1662"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9954qh8ykn7rn.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6el00071a",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pubs.rsc.org/el/article-pdf/2/5/1280/13769639/d6el00071a.pdf",
  "id": "9954qh8ykn7rn",
  "issns": [
    "3033-4063"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6el00071a",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QC1-999"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "TJ807-830"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2105|Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7203721899",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-01",
  "publisher": "The Royal Society of Chemistry",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9954qh8ykn7rn.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T14:21:11Z",
      "native_id": "124e5e3fa5cb40b28dd4c121ff00e5ee",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6el00071a"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "lcc:QC1-999",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multi-month and dynamic kilowatt-scale production of hydrogen using concentrated sunlight",
  "title_text": "Multi-month and dynamic kilowatt-scale production of hydrogen using concentrated sunlight",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T14:21:11Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9954qh8ykn7rn",
  "venue": "EES Solar",
  "versions": []
}