{
  "abstract": "Pneumonectomy operations have been performed for around 100 years with post-pneumonectomy empyema (PPE) as a feared complication. Unlike an isolated empyema, these cases are most often associated with a bronchopleural fistula (BPF) that causes ongoing contamination of the surgical space and contralateral lung with subsequent respiratory failure and severe sepsis. The objective of this narrative review is to outline the wide range of treatment options that range from conservative management to more extensive surgical procedures, while also proposing a treatment algorithm. Two reviewers (A.P.K. and A.A.) queried PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library since inception for meta-analyses, retrospective, cohort studies, case series, and case reports. Disagreements between the two reviewers were resolved through discussion and consensus. Exclusion criteria included non-English articles. First reports of BPF were managed with open window thoracostomy (OWT), which eventually evolved into the two-stage \"Modified Clagett Procedure\". Alternative surgical approaches described included trans-sternal and contralateral intra-thoracic approach for left-sided fistulas with short stumps to avoid repair in an infected field. More recently, endoscopic approaches have been described with variable success rates but are worth exploring for small fistulas to avoid the morbid surgical approach and poor surgical candidates as a salvage technique. Although there is limited data given the scarcity of this disease, current evidence shows that PPE with associated BPF located in a small (<6-8 mm) healthy stump can be successfully managed endoscopically, whereas surgical approach may be the better strategy for larger fistulas. Further evaluation of specific endoscopic techniques is necessary to further refine the treatment algorithm.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.",
    "Department of Thoracic Surgery, Catholic Health, Greenvale, NY, USA."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alla P Kozubenko",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-1883-6627"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Abbas Abbas",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5626-6866"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9983bj7k5a1pd.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.21037/jtd-2026-1807",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13740711",
  "id": "9983bj7k5a1pd",
  "issns": [
    "2072-1439",
    "2077-6624"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42996689",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2740|Pleural and Pulmonary Diseases"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223881800",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13740711?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13740711",
  "pmid": "42996689",
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9983bj7k5a1pd.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T15:20:41Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42996689",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42996689"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2740|Pleural and Pulmonary Diseases",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Current state of management of post-pneumonectomy empyema: a narrative review.",
  "title_text": "Current state of management of post-pneumonectomy empyema: a narrative review.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T15:20:41Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9983bj7k5a1pd",
  "venue": "Journal of thoracic disease",
  "versions": []
}