{
  "abstract": "Background HIV-1 drug resistance remains a critical challenge for long-term treatment effectiveness, particularly in settings characterized by diverse viral subtypes and evolving treatment histories. We investigated the prevalence, patterns, and molecular distribution of transmitted and acquired HIV-1 drug-resistance mutations in a Moroccan cohort. Methods A cross-sectional molecular study was performed on HIV-1–infected individuals monitored at the CVMIT in Rabat from 2024 to 2025. Demographic, clinical, and virological data were collected retrospectively from medical records. The HIV-1 pol gene was amplified and sequenced. Drug-resistance mutations were interpreted using the Stanford HIVdb v9.8 algorithm, and resistance profiles were examined by drug class, resistance level, treatment history, and viral subtype. Results Major surveillance drug-resistance mutations were detected in 3 of 38 ART-naïve individuals (7.9%), indicating a low but measurable burden of transmitted resistance. These mutations were limited to protease inhibitor- and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated substitutions, with no major transmitted resistance detected in nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or integrase inhibitors. Among ART-experienced patients, 11 of 26 individuals (42.3%) harbored at least one major resistance mutation. Acquired resistance was dominated by NNRTI mutations, led by K103N/S (19.2%), Y188L/H, and V106I/L (15.4%) each, followed by NRTI mutations including M184V/I (19.2%), D67N, and K70R/E (15.4%) each. Integrase inhibitor resistance was detected in three treated individuals (11.5%), involving R263K/T, Q148K, and N155H. No major protease inhibitor resistance was identified among treated patients. CRF02_AG accounted for the majority of major resistance mutations across drug classes. Conclusions This study provides a detailed overview of HIV-1 DRMs in Morocco, revealing persistent NNRTI and NRTI resistance within a CRF02_AG-dominant epidemic and the emergence of INSTI mutations under DTG pressure. These findings emphasize the urgency of nationwide genotypic surveillance to guide ART management and preserve treatment efficacy.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Molecular Virology and Onco-biology Research Team, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy",
    "Biomedical and Epidemiology Research Unit (URBE), Virology Laboratory, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases (CVMIT), Mohamed V Military Instruction Hospital"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 17,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Maryam Ahmina"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hicham El Annaz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ahmed Reggad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nada Lamrak"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mohamed Rida Tagajdid"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rachid Abi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mohamed Elqatni"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Abdelilah Laraqui"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Safae Elkochri"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Elarbi Bouaiti"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fadoua El Amraoui"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yassine Elbnaissi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Imane Hamdouni"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bouchra El Mchichi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nadia Touil"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Khalid Ennibi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Idriss Amine Lahlou"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9c3p7sefbyz6z.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s12879-026-14005-y",
  "fulltext_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14005-y",
  "id": "9c3p7sefbyz6z",
  "issns": [
    "1471-2334"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14005-y",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "RC109-216"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7171296407",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-07-01",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9c3p7sefbyz6z.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:45:33Z",
      "native_id": "290df1d34ec04a12ae7fcda4338e04ca",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14005-y"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "HIV-1 genotypic patterns in antiretroviral-naïve and treated patients in the integrase inhibitor era in Morocco",
  "title_text": "HIV-1 genotypic patterns in antiretroviral-naïve and treated patients in the integrase inhibitor era in Morocco",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:45:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9c3p7sefbyz6z",
  "venue": "BMC Infectious Diseases",
  "versions": []
}