{
  "abstract": "The Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI-D) has been widely used for dementia research among aging adults in low- and middle-income countries, where few specialists are available to diagnose and manage dementia. Yet, little is known about the psychometric validity of the participant interview, particularly among low-literacy individuals. We used factor analysis methods to assess and refine theoretically driven single- and multiple-factor structural models for the CSI-D participant interview using the population-based Zambian Cohort of Healthy Aging and Dementia (Z-CHAD) in Lusaka. Trained community healthcare workers administered the CSI-D participant interview to 734 adults (68% female, mean age 66.9 years, mean education 7 years). For the four domains of cognitive functioning identified (memory, orientation, language, and visuospatial), single-factor models had satisfactory fit after the removal of five items with low factor loadings. The second-order factor model had adequate fit (confirmatory fit index = 0.96, root mean square error of approximation= 0.03, standardized root mean square residual = 0.08). This factor structure of the CSI-D participant interview reasonably summarizes cognitive domain performance in this sample, yet there is a noticeable ceiling effect in items for orientation and language. Further, domains sensitive to dementia-related impairments, namely executive function, are not assessed.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Ciheb Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.",
    "University of Zambia, Department of Psychiatry, Lusaka, Zambia.",
    "University of Michigan, Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI USA.",
    "University of Michigan, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ann Arbor, MI USA.",
    "Ministry of Health, Chipata Level One Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.",
    "Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.",
    "Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lisa Kalungwana",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8785-0520"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Nicholas Heaton",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-3181-1883"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Emily Briceno",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9360-8917"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Mataa M Mataa",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7108-7401"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Lottie M Hachaambwa",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0454-9511"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Linah Mwango",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7252-2084"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Jeremy A Tanner",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9828-1776"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Melissa A Elafros",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4511-201X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9dcgcs6tc55tz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s44400-026-00142-3",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13713564",
  "id": "9dcgcs6tc55tz",
  "issns": [
    "3005-1940"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42952904",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2738|Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research"
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  ],
  "openalex": "W7223984305",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13713564?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13713564",
  "pmid": "42952904",
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9dcgcs6tc55tz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:40Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42952904",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42952904"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:24:05Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13713564",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s44400-026-00142-3"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2738|Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Factor structure of the Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI-D) among Zambian adults.",
  "title_text": "Factor structure of the Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI-D) among Zambian adults.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:21:13Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9dcgcs6tc55tz",
  "venue": "NPJ dementia",
  "versions": []
}