{
  "abstract": "Photothermal heating remains a major challenge during the optical excitation of nanoscale quantum sensors [C. Bradac, S. F. Lim, H. C. Chang, I. Aharonovich, Adv. Opt. Mater. 8, 2000183 (2020)]. At low laser powers, heating of the sensor leads to the thermal drift of quantum electronic transition energies. At high laser powers, sensors degrade due to thermally induced phase transitions, including melting. Here, we report a general approach for mitigating the photothermal heating of nanoscale quantum sensors through solid-state laser refrigeration of the sensors’ underlying substrate. Experimentally, both nanodiamonds and gold nanocrystals are attached separately to a ceramic laser-cooling substrate through van der Waals interaction. A combination of Debye–Waller factor thermometry and optically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy of nitrogen vacancy centers is used to demonstrate that solid-state laser refrigeration of the substrate can reduce the temperature of attached nanodiamond payloads by 25 ± 3 K below steady-state operating temperatures. Stokes/anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy is used to demonstrate reduced photothermal heating of plasmonic gold nanocrystals by 8.8 ± 2.7 K during surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy sensing of rhodamine-6G molecules. These results suggest that solid-state laser cooling could open up experimental possibilities for rapid feedback-controlled cooling of a wide range of nanoscale quantum resources.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195",
    "Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195",
    "Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352",
    "Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195",
    "Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627",
    "Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627",
    "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627",
    "Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556",
    "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556",
    "Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhaojie Feng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anupum Pant"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Robert G. Felsted",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9395-2112"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Alexander B. Bard",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9000-3277"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Xiaojing Xia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Siamak Dadras",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4994-761X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Kamran Shayan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Danika R. Luntz-Martin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Donald Mannikko"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lars Forberger",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-0898-2112"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alexey Soldatenko",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-3760-484X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Ilia M. Pavlovetc",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2468-6751"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Stefan Stoll",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4255-9550"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Masaru Kuno",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4210-8514"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5,
        6,
        9
      ],
      "name": "A. Nickolas Vamivakas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Peter J. Pauzauskie",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1554-5949"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9ed34avjdw9v1.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2534326123",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13732226/",
  "id": "9ed34avjdw9v1",
  "issns": [
    "0027-8424",
    "1091-6490"
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2534326123",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "426"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Physical Sciences"
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      "heading",
      "Physics"
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    [
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      "2505|Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research"
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  "pmcid": "PMC13732226",
  "pmid": "42932646",
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9ed34avjdw9v1.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:22:15Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13732226",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2534326123"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2505|Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Solid-state laser refrigeration of nanoscale quantum sensors",
  "title_text": "Solid-state laser refrigeration of nanoscale quantum sensors",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:22:15Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9ed34avjdw9v1",
  "venue": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
  "versions": []
}