{
  "abstract": "Penetrance of antiretroviral therapy in the peritoneal cavity and its influence on the shedding of HIV-1 into continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was investigated. This prospective cross-sectional study of HIV-positive end-stage kidney failure (ESKF) patients managed with ART and CAPD, collected enrolled patients' demographic information, clinical and laboratory data. ART levels were quantified using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. There were 60 patients recruited with a median age of 43.0 (IQR: 38.0-47) years and were predominantly on abacavir (88.3%) lamivudine (98.3%) and efavirenz (70.0%) for a median duration of 8 (IQR: 5-11) years. Participants with detectable HIV-1 had lower abacavir (2.10 vs. 8.15 ng/µL; p = 0.054), lamivudine (0.018 vs. 1.065 ng/µL; p = 0.003) and efavirenz (3.605 vs. 57.1 ng/µL; p = 0.012) plasma levels compared to those with undetectable HIV-1 in CAPD effluents. Measured lamivudine (1.065 vs. 0.888 ng/µL; p = 0.001), abacavir (8.15 vs. 4.95 ng/µL; p = 0.024), efavirenz (57.1 vs. 3.65 ng/µL; p < 0.001) and dolutegravir (2.68 vs. 0.65 ng/µL; p < 0.001) drug levels were significantly higher in plasma than CAPD effluents. The peritoneal to plasma (D/P) ratios of these ART agents was highly variable. On Spearman's rank correlation test, plasma levels of lamivudine (p = 0.003), abacavir (p < 0.035) and efavirenz (p = 0.008) were significantly correlated with HIV-1 shedding into CAPD effluents. The findings suggest that low plasma ART drug levels were strongly associated with HIV-1 shedding into CAPD effluents. Moreover, there was an inverse correlation between plasma drug concentration of lamivudine, efavirenz, and abacavir and the HIV-1 viral load detectable in CAPD effluents.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.",
    "Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.",
    "Division of Nephrology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.",
    "Department of Health of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.",
    "Department of Community Health, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.",
    "Division of Virology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.",
    "Ampath Laboratories, Pretoria, South Africa.",
    "PathCare Vermaak, Pretoria, South Africa.",
    "Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.",
    "Milnerton Mediclinic, Cape Town, South Africa."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Teboho Mooko",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-0724-9430"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Feziwe Bisiwe",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8968-5488"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Perpetual Chikobvu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Molefi Morobadi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Martin Nyaga"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Dominique Goedhals",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1241-9111"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Thabiso Mofokeng",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5944-8350"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Gabre Kemp",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3961-0028"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Kwazi Ndlovu",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5283-2085"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9esa5cyje7658.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/jmv.71192",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13695467",
  "id": "9esa5cyje7658",
  "issns": [
    "0146-6615",
    "1096-9071"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42925490",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223447246",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13695467?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13695467",
  "pmid": "42925490",
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9esa5cyje7658.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42925490",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42925490"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The Influence of Plasma and Peritoneal Antiretroviral Drugs Levels on the Shedding of HIV-1 Into Peritoneal Dialysis Effluent.",
  "title_text": "The Influence of Plasma and Peritoneal Antiretroviral Drugs Levels on the Shedding of HIV-1 Into Peritoneal Dialysis Effluent.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9esa5cyje7658",
  "venue": "Journal of medical virology",
  "versions": []
}