{
  "abstract": "Sustainable treatment of metal-rich effluents generated during printed circuit board (PCB) recycling is complicated by their high metal concentrations and strong competition in multicomponent systems. This study develops and evaluates a dual-stage precipitation-adsorption hybrid process for selective recovery of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ from nitric-acid PCB leachates. In the first stage, sulfide precipitation using Na2S achieved near-quantitative Cu2+ recovery (97.71 ± 0.40%) at an optimized Cu/S molar ratio of 1:1.8, while Pb2+ and Zn2+ largely remained in solution. Structural analyses (SEM-EDX, XRD, XRF) confirmed the formation of high-purity crystalline CuS with minimal co-precipitation of other metals. In the second stage, residual metals were captured via adsorption onto an olive stone-derived KOH-activated carbon (OSACK). Single-metal adsorption experiments at different concentrations revealed a clear affinity order of Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+, exhibiting the highest uptake capacities of 159.58 ± 3.12, 64.41 ± 5.24, and 28.09 ± 4.56 mg g−1, respectively, obtained at 3.4 g L−1 adsorbent dosage and initial concentrations of 1300 mg L−1 (Pb2+), 1200 mg L−1 (Cu2+), and 800 mg L−1 (Zn2+). Binary-metal systems (Cu2+-Pb2+, Cu2+-Zn2+, Pb2+-Zn2+) demonstrated pronounced competitive effects, significantly suppressing Cu2+ and Zn2+ adsorption in the presence of Pb2+, while Pb2+ retention remained largely unaffected. Adsorption followed Freundlich isotherms and Elovich kinetics, indicating heterogeneous, predominantly chemisorptive interactions. Regeneration studies showed stable carbon performance over multiple adsorption-desorption cycles. Validation with real PCB leachates highlighted the robustness and scalability of the proposed hybrid process for integrated metal recovery and effluent treatment.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Vahid Rahimi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Aicha Samet"
    },
    {
      "name": "Catarina Helena Pimentel"
    },
    {
      "name": "Diego Gomez-Diaz"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Sonia Freire"
    },
    {
      "name": "Massimo Lazzari"
    },
    {
      "name": "Julia Gonzalez-Alvarez"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9fepfw7s8bj13.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.seppur.2026.139797",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "9fepfw7s8bj13",
  "issns": [
    "1383-5866"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05741443v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.chim"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.chim.geni"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2311|Recycling and Waste Management Techniques"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7203713448",
  "pdf_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05741443/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-18",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9fepfw7s8bj13.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:58Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05741443",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05741443v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2311|Recycling and Waste Management Techniques",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Dual-stage treatment of waste printed circuit boards for Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ recovery: A precipitation-adsorption hybrid process",
  "title_text": "Dual-stage treatment of waste printed circuit boards for Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ recovery: A precipitation-adsorption hybrid process",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:58Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9fepfw7s8bj13",
  "venue": "Separation and Purification Technology",
  "versions": []
}