{
  "abstract": "Introduction\n\nGlobal plastic production continues to increase, resulting in widespread environmental contamination with plastic waste that gradually breaks down into small particles. Micro- and nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) have recently attracted considerable attention. However, the mechanisms of MPs/NPs toxicity, particularly regarding their developmental impact, remain largely unexplored.Methods\n\nTwo-week-old rats were administered a low dose (1 mg/kg b.w.) of small fluorochrome-labelled polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) (25 nm) by oral gavage for 3 weeks.Results\n\nFindings demonstrate that PS-NPs accumulated within the liver, kidneys, and brain, with the highest fluorescence intensity found in the liver and lowest in the brain, as confirmed by the IVIS system. Ultrastructural analysis showed tissue-specific alterations to mitochondrial dynamics, including an excess of small forms in the liver and kidney, and elongated forms in the brain, accompanied by mitochondrial swelling and membrane damage. Markers of oxidative stress, such as significantly increased protein oxidation, were found in all organs, while in the liver, an additionally increased level of lipid peroxidation product (MDA) was observed. Results further showed tissue-specific variations in enzymatic antioxidant systems. While all enzymes examined were upregulated in the kidney, highlighting an active defense, the liver exhibited a notable decrease in antioxidant defense, making it the most vulnerable organ to PS-NPs exposure. In the brain, antioxidant mechanisms were less effective compared to the kidney, despite the lowest PS-NPs deposition rate.Discussion\n\nWhile activation of the cellular transcriptional machinery was observed, it was not reflected in protein overexpression, indicating that the immature brain also seems to be susceptible to the adverse effects of PS-NPs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Laboratory of Pathoneurochemistry, Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences , ,",
    "Environmental Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences , ,",
    "Clinical and Research Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kamil Adamiak"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Grzegorz Sulkowski"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Beata Dąbrowska-Bouta"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kamil Synoradzki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Małgorzata Frontczak-Baniewicz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lidia Strużyńska"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9h599frv64x5x.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/ftox.2026.1976947",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13727072/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "9h599frv64x5x",
  "issns": [
    "2673-3080"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13727072",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2310|Microplastics and Plastic Pollution"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7167832945",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13727072/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13727072",
  "pmid": "42974582",
  "published": "2026-10-20",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9h599frv64x5x.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13727072",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13727072"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:48Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42974582",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42974582"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T12:23:16Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13727072",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2026.1976947"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2310|Microplastics and Plastic Pollution",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multisystemic effects of nanoplastics in immature rats subjected to prolonged oral exposure with particular emphasis on prooxidant potential",
  "title_text": "Multisystemic effects of nanoplastics in immature rats subjected to prolonged oral exposure with particular emphasis on prooxidant potential",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:22:52Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9h599frv64x5x",
  "venue": "Frontiers in toxicology",
  "versions": []
}