{
  "abstract": "Plant-extract-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has emerged as a promising and sustainable approach aligned with the demand for environmentally responsible methods. This study critically reviews key physicochemical parameters pH, temperature, and reagent concentration that govern AgNP morphology, colloidal stability, and functionality. Alkaline conditions and moderate temperatures may enhance silver-ion reduction and colloidal stabilization, whereas plant-extract concentration must be carefully adjusted to balance nucleation, growth, and surface capping. A case study using Astrocaryum aculeatum extract at 10, 15, 20, and 30 g L ⁻1 was evaluated by UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), polydispersity index (PDI), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Based on three independent synthesis batches, samples prepared with 10, 15, and 20 g L ⁻1 extract exhibited SPR maxima at 406.3 ± 3.2, 410.0 ± 2.0, and 407.0 ± 1.0 nm, respectively, whereas no clearly resolved SPR maximum was observed at 30 g L ⁻1 . Increasing the extract concentration from 15 to 30 g L ⁻1 increased the mean hydrodynamic diameter from 220.0 ± 19.0 to 786.3 ± 108.8 nm and the PDI from 0.338 ± 0.015 to 0.939 ± 0.050. Extract concentration significantly affected PDI [F(3,8) = 160.50, p < 0.001], with a marked increase between 15 and 20 g L ⁻1 . NTA showed the highest particle-number concentration at 15 g L ⁻1 , reaching (5.41 ± 0.18) × 10 10 particles mL ⁻1 . These results identify 15 g L ⁻1 as the most favorable concentration among the tested conditions. Overall, this review provides practical guidance for defining system-specific synthesis conditions and highlights the importance of extract standardization and complementary colloidal characterization for reproducible AgNP production.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Hybrid composites and nanocomposites group (GCNH), Department of Physics and Chemistry, Ilha Solteira School of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, 15385-000, Brazil",
    "Instituto de Ciências Exatas E Tecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas (UFAM), Itacoatiara, AM, 69104-404, Brazil",
    "International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal",
    "USP – University of São Paulo, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, CEP 13635-900, Brazil",
    "Environmental Nanochemistry Group, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Ilha Solteira School of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, 15385-007, Brazil"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sidney S. Dos Santos"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Giovany Eduardo Rodrigues De Moraes"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Miguel Ângelo Cerqueira",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6614-3942"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fauze Ahmad Aouada",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6870-6961"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Fabrício Cerizza Tanaka",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9814-594X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Renato Grillo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0284-5782"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Gustavo Frigi Perotti",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7691-367X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marcia Regina de Moura"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9hgkyq7yfj8t0.bib",
  "cited_by": 10,
  "doi": "10.1186/s44331-026-00033-7",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "9hgkyq7yfj8t0",
  "issns": [
    "3004-8648"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s44331-026-00033-7",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2505|Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications"
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  "openalex": "W7203931364",
  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s44331-026-00033-7.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-21",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9hgkyq7yfj8t0.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:27:01Z",
      "native_id": "W7203931364",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s44331-026-00033-7"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2505|Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by plant extracts: a critical review and experimental insights on the integrated effects of pH, temperature, and concentration",
  "title_text": "Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by plant extracts: a critical review and experimental insights on the integrated effects of pH, temperature, and concentration",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T13:21:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9hgkyq7yfj8t0",
  "venue": "Bioscience Nanotechnology",
  "versions": []
}