{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nSimulation-based medical education is central to procedural skills training, but commercial simulators remain financially inaccessible to many institutions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The Centre for Innovation in Medical Education (CIME) at Aga Khan University, Pakistan, developed four low-cost, locally fabricated procedural simulation trainers to address this gap.Methods\n\nThis technical innovation report describes the design, material selection, fabrication methodology, and cost analysis of a Fiberoptic Intubation Box, a Heel Prick Simulator, a Haemorrhoid Ligation Simulator, and a Caesarean-Section Laparotomy Model, developed using locally available or repurposed materials through faculty-guided iterative prototyping.Results\n\nEach device achieved greater than 95% cost reduction versus commercial equivalents, including a reduction from USD $12,000 to USD $4 for the laparotomy model, while retaining features supporting authentic procedural practice.Conclusions\n\nThese devices demonstrate that LMICs can develop high-utility procedural simulators at a fraction of commercial cost, with open-access blueprints enabling global replication.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.",
    "Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.",
    "Centre for Innovation in Medical Education (CIME), Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Abbas Raza"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad Bilawal Khan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ayaan Ali Qureshi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ghalib Ali"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ghansham Bhagwan Das"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Abdul Ameen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Selina Hasan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Faisal Wasim Ismail"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9hnydvd63g4ct.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.fhj.2026.100571",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13692146",
  "id": "9hnydvd63g4ct",
  "issns": [
    "2514-6645",
    "2514-6653"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921279",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2737|Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220743737",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13692146?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13692146",
  "pmid": "42921279",
  "published": "2026-10-06",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9hnydvd63g4ct.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42921279",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921279"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2737|Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "From bench to bedside: Development of low-cost, locally fabricated procedural simulation trainers at a hospital-based innovation centre in Pakistan.",
  "title_text": "From bench to bedside: Development of low-cost, locally fabricated procedural simulation trainers at a hospital-based innovation centre in Pakistan.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9hnydvd63g4ct",
  "venue": "Future healthcare journal",
  "versions": []
}