{
  "abstract": "The chemokine axis CX3CL1-CX3CR1 is involved in the whole process of bone remodeling, bone injury repair, and inflammation-mediated bone destruction, making it both a diagnostic marker and a potential target for therapy. This article focuses on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to explain the bidirectional mechanism of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 in regulating bone homeostasis, compares three types of targeting strategies, and proposes a local delivery approach. The regulatory effect of CX3CL1 is concentration-dependent: transient or moderate sCX3CL1 signaling is associated with a pro-repair macrophage phenotype, while persistent pathological elevation promotes M1 polarization and bone resorption; however, direct evidence for the low intramedullary concentration of the M2 axis is limited. This article focuses on analyzing the hormone regulatory pathways of three endocrine-related bone diseases (postmenopausal osteoporosis, diabetic bone disease, and hyperthyroidism-induced bone injury), and compares the advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies, small molecule drugs, and bone nanocarriers. The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis represents a candidate research target for pre-clinical investigations into endocrine-related bone diseases, yet substantial unresolved barriers limit its translational progression. Local targeted delivery strategies may offer conceptual directions for future pre-clinical investigation for solving the treatment challenges brought about by the bidirectional effects of this pathway, but their clinical feasibility still needs to be verified. Notably, critical in-vivo concentration thresholds distinguishing protective versus pathological CX3CL1 effects have not been established, and evidence supporting concentration-dependent M1/M2 macrophage polarization is largely derived from non-bone systems.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ziyun Kuang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yixin Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiao Li"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9javfn653a1xn.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fendo.2026.1992376",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "9javfn653a1xn",
  "issns": [
    "1664-2392"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1992376/full",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9javfn653a1xn.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:20Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fendo.2026.1992376",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1992376/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:1664-2392",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis in mesenchymal stem cell regulation and bone diseases",
  "title_text": "The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis in mesenchymal stem cell regulation and bone diseases",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T00:21:06Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9javfn653a1xn",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Endocrinology",
  "versions": []
}