{
  "abstract": "Background: Field-based body-fat estimates may differ substantially across methods, but similarity in group averages does not necessarily indicate close individual-level agreement. This study characterized pairwise numerical agreement among four field-based body-fat estimation methods without designating a criterion reference. Methods: Forty physically active adults (19 women and 21 men) underwent same-session assessment using archived Carter-derived and Faulkner-derived anthropometric estimates, single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA; Omron HBF-514C), and multifrequency BIA (InBody 120). Agreement was evaluated using paired differences, 95% limits of agreement (LoA), bootstrap confidence intervals, and analyses of non-constant mean and variance structures. Difference-on-paired-mean patterns were additionally examined considering mathematical coupling and unequal method variances. Results: Carter-derived estimates averaged 4.16 percentage points (pp) lower than Faulkner-derived estimates, whereas Omron estimates averaged 5.34 pp higher than InBody estimates. Carter-Faulkner showed an approximately stable mean difference but increasing dispersion across the measurement range, supporting level-specific LoA. Faulkner-InBody showed a small mean difference (-1.48 pp) despite wide global LoA (-12.91 to 9.94 pp). Anthropometry-BIA comparisons showed negative difference-on-paired-mean slopes (-0.58 to -0.72); however, these patterns were algebraically consistent with mathematical coupling and unequal method variances and were not interpreted as independent evidence of adiposity-level effects. Conclusions: The methods showed systematic pairwise differences and substantial individual-level disagreement. Because no criterion method, replicate measurements, or prespecified application-specific acceptability threshold was available, the findings establish neither accuracy, superiority, nor interchangeability among the methods.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Desarrollo Humano, Universidad ECOTEC, Km.13.5 Samborondón, Samborondón EC092302, Ecuador.",
    "Escuela de Posgrado, Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Universitario Italiano de Rosario (IUNIR), Rosario S2000CTT, Argentina.",
    "Escuela de Nutriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, de la Salud y la Vida, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito 170411, Ecuador.",
    "Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 0901952, Ecuador.",
    "Center for Evidence Ecosystems, Implementation Science, and Decision-Making (CIDES), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Bienestar Humano, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Ambato 180150, Ecuador."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Raynier Zambrano-Villacres",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4865-6469"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Kathy Elisabeth Verdugo Verdugo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Washington David Guevara Castillo",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-1334-4925"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Nelly Andrade Mejia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Jaen Cagua-Ordoñez",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1684-5206"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Simancas-Racines"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9mtm9f24h5bcv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jfmk11040401",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13692335",
  "id": "9mtm9f24h5bcv",
  "issns": [
    "2411-5142"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924680",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2737|Body Composition Measurement Techniques"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7216144710",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13692335?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13692335",
  "pmid": "42924680",
  "published": "2026-10-02",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9mtm9f24h5bcv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42924680",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924680"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2737|Body Composition Measurement Techniques",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Pairwise Agreement Among Field-Based Body-Fat Estimation Methods in Physically Active Adults: A Cross-Sectional Method-Comparison Study.",
  "title_text": "Pairwise Agreement Among Field-Based Body-Fat Estimation Methods in Physically Active Adults: A Cross-Sectional Method-Comparison Study.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9mtm9f24h5bcv",
  "venue": "Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology",
  "versions": []
}