{
  "abstract": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a heterogeneous genetic and phenotypic myocardial disease where diagnosis and risk stratification extend beyond the mere detection of left ventricular hypertrophy. While echocardiography is the first-line imaging modality, this approach often offers limited insights into disease etiology, biological activity, and natural history. Thus, several non-echocardiographic modalities have emerged as prominent components of contemporary HCM investigations. Electrocardiography (ECG) provides early, readily accessible insights into myocardial remodeling and arrhythmic risk. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging enhances phenotyping through detailed tissue characterization and fibrosis assessment, while nuclear imaging uniquely evaluates myocardial perfusion and microvascular injury. Plasma biomarkers and genetic testing offer valuable insights into disease activity and risk stratification for affected individuals and at-risk relatives, especially when combined with imaging findings. Therefore, this review summarizes current knowledge on non-echocardiographic approaches to HCM, highlighting the associated complementary strengths and the value of integrated multimodality assessment in improving disease phenotyping, prognostication, and management. Importantly, integrating these modalities improves risk stratification for sudden cardiac death, heart failure progression, and arrhythmias, guiding decisions on implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement and medical management. This approach supports more personalized, mechanism-based care in HCM.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Internal Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, Crestwood Medical Center, Huntsville, AL 35801, USA",
    "Department of Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 1181 Cairo, Egypt",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Danbury, CT 06810, USA",
    "Neuroscience Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA",
    "Alaska Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK 99571, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Karim Ali",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4318-8843"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ahmed E. Ali",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0388-3174"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mohamed K. Awad",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6501-6845"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kyle Wansing",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-6072-198X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Mohamad Elgozair",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-3833-808X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mohamed Abdalla",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-7781-1245"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Cooper Gearhart",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-8902-2354"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Ahmed Sami Abuzaid"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9nmwppw6nnwbz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.31083/rcm51298",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13732689/",
  "id": "9nmwppw6nnwbz",
  "issns": [
    "1530-6550",
    "2153-8174"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.31083/rcm51298",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2705|Cardiomyopathy and Myosin Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225241874",
  "pdf_url": "https://storage.imrpress.com/IMR/2109558221207216000/application/2153-8174-27-10-51298.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13732689",
  "pmid": "42985464",
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": "IMR Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9nmwppw6nnwbz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:22:37Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13732689",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.31083/rcm51298"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2705|Cardiomyopathy and Myosin Studies",
      "subfield": "cardiovascular"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Non-Echocardiographic Evaluation of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy",
  "title_text": "Non-Echocardiographic Evaluation of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:22:37Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9nmwppw6nnwbz",
  "venue": "Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine",
  "versions": []
}