{
  "abstract": "A novel zwitterionic surfactant (HAPB) was synthesized and combined with lauramidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride (LATC) and alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) to form a high-performance foaming formulation for gas well deliquification. The optimized LATC/AOS/HAPB formulation (15 mmol/L, molar ratio of 16/4/5) achieved a foaming volume and half-life of 400 mL and 9.46 min, respectively. Adding 0.2% sodium alginate (SA), a green polymer, the LATC/AOS/HAPB/SA foam's volume dropped to 350 mL; however, its half-life ramped to 55.47 min. With 0.1 SA and 0.01% calcium lactate (CL), the LATC/AOS/HAPB/SA/CL system exhibited excellent foaming and liquid-carrying performance. At 50% methanol, its liquid-carrying rate reached its maximum (57.44%), while the foaming rate remained 100%. Condensate oil slightly reduced the LATC/AOS/HAPB/SA/CL mixture's liquid-carrying performance, but did not affect its foaming ability, which was maintained at 100% below 50% condensate oil content. The foaming formulation demonstrated outstanding salt resistance, producing a liquid-carrying rate of 26.40% and a foaming rate of 90% at an extremely high salinity of 410 g/L, which was the highest level reported in the literature to date. Furthermore, surface tension tests and the foam's morphological analysis verified the presence of synergy among the LATC/AOS/HAPB/SA/CL system, which effectively enhanced its foaming capability, foam stability, and liquid-carrying ability.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Petroleum University, Xi'an 710065, China.",
    "Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China.",
    "No. 2 Gas Production Plant of Yanchang Gas Field, Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd., Yulin 718500, China.",
    "School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sanbao Dong",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7531-355X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yao Yan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Haifeng Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiakui Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jinhua Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Weiwei Han"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Chao Ma",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9736-5337"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9nnwgfztcc21q.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/gels12100904",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704013",
  "id": "9nnwgfztcc21q",
  "issns": [
    "2310-2861"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929938",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1605|Surfactants and Colloidal Systems"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221362594",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704013?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13704013",
  "pmid": "42929938",
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9nnwgfztcc21q.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42929938",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929938"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1605|Surfactants and Colloidal Systems",
      "subfield": "organic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Development and Evaluation of a Novel Zwitterionic Surfactant-Based Foaming Formulation for Gas Well Deliquification.",
  "title_text": "Development and Evaluation of a Novel Zwitterionic Surfactant-Based Foaming Formulation for Gas Well Deliquification.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9nnwgfztcc21q",
  "venue": "Gels (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}