{
  "abstract": "Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes in adults, although autoimmune reactions against pancreatic islets may also occur, leading to early insulin dependence and specific clinical features. The misclassification of autoimmune diabetes (AD) in adults has clinical implications in primary care (PC), where autoantibody testing is limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of AD in adults at the time of diagnosis and to characterize its clinical, metabolic and lifestyle profile in comparison with that of T2DM patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at 12 PC centers in Madrid (Spain). A total of 1006 adults aged 30 years or older who had been diagnosed with diabetes within the previous four years were included. Autoantibodies against pancreatic islets (anti-GAD65 and anti-IA-2) were analyzed in a centralized laboratory. Clinical interviews, physical examinations and reviews of electronic medical records were carried out. Results: The prevalence of AD was 7.56%. Patients with AD were younger and leaner and had more hyperglycemic symptoms and higher HbA1c levels. They had higher HDL cholesterol levels, lower triglyceride levels and more favorable cardiometabolic indices than patients with T2DM did. Patients with AD with LADA criteria differed from those with early insulin dependence. Conclusions: Autoimmune diabetes is a relatively common form of diabetes in adults and presents a clinical and metabolic profile that differs from that of T2DM. Improved recognition and targeted screening in primary care may facilitate accurate diagnosis and more appropriate therapeutic decision-making.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Los Alpes Health Center, 28022 Madrid, Spain",
    "Foundation for Biosanitary Research and Innovation in Primary Care, The Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain",
    "Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Gregorio Marañón Institute of Health Research(IiSGM), Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain",
    "Mar Báltico Health Center, 28033 Madrid, Spain",
    "Doctor Cirajas Health Center, 28017 Madrid, Spain",
    "Sanchinarro Health Center, 28050 Madrid, Spain",
    "Estrecho de Corea Health Center, 28027 Madrid, Spain",
    "Canillejas Health Center, 28022 Madrid, Spain",
    "Barajas Health Center, 28042 Madrid, Spain",
    "García Noblejas Health Center, 28037 Madrid, Spain",
    "Benita de Ávila Health Center, 28043 Madrid, Spain",
    "Aquitania Health Center, 28032 Madrid, Spain",
    "Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain",
    "Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion—RICAPPS—(RICORS), 28029 Madrid, Spain",
    "General Directorate of Research and Documentation, Department of Health, 28013 Madrid, Spain"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 17,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Pilar Vich-Pérez",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6702-909X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Belén Taulero-Escalera"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Paula Regueiro-Toribio"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Irene Moratinos-Recuenco"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Javier Hernández-Jiménez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Laura Villanova-Cuadra"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ignacio Sevilla-Machuca"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Julia Timoner-García"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Mario Martínez-Grandmontagne",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-7944-1766"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Tania Abós-Pueyo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Cristina Álvarez-Hernández-Cañizares"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Germán Reviriego-Jaén"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Alberto Serrano-López-Hazas",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-3049-5772"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Inés Gala-Molina"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Mar Sanz-Pascual"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        12,
        13,
        14
      ],
      "name": "Miguel Angel Salinero-Fort"
    },
    {
      "name": "on behalf of the LADA-PC Consortium"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9nr232qvf52r7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jcm15218317",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "9nr232qvf52r7",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0383"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8317",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1311|Diabetes and associated disorders"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223850024",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9nr232qvf52r7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:01Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/jcm15218317",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8317"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1311|Diabetes and associated disorders",
      "subfield": "genetics-genomics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Toward an Appropriate Classification of Adult-Onset Diabetes Mellitus: A Descriptive Study in Primary Care",
  "title_text": "Toward an Appropriate Classification of Adult-Onset Diabetes Mellitus: A Descriptive Study in Primary Care",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9nr232qvf52r7",
  "venue": "Journal of Clinical Medicine",
  "versions": []
}