{
  "abstract": "Heart rate and cardiac dynamics can be monitored using several physiological signals, each with its own biophysical basis and signal characteristics. However, while individual properties of electrocardiogram (ECG), phonocardiogram (PCG), seismocardiogram (SCG), photoplethysmogram (PPG), and piezoplethysmogram (PiPG) are documented, systematic cross-modal comparisons remain scarce. This study aims to consolidate both the time and frequency domain features of these widely accessible technologies to provide practical guidelines for signal processing and multimodal integration. We simultaneously recorded ECG, PCG, SCG, PPG, and PiPG under standardized resting conditions and aligned all modalities on the ECG R-peak. Results highlight clear consistencies (e.g., reproducible morphology and spectra for ECG, PPG, and PiPG) as well as higher variability in PCG and SCG due to sensor coupling and anatomical factors. Temporal latencies relative to the ECG confirm known physiological conduction delays, while frequency analysis identifies modality-specific bands: ~ 30 Hz for PCG, 11–14 Hz for SCG, and 1–2 Hz for PPG/PiPG. Bandwidth analysis further emphasizes differences in spectral richness across modalities. By presenting these benchmarks in a unified framework, this work addresses the current gap between isolated characterizations and integrated signal knowledge. The outcome is a reference dataset and interpretation map that can guide filtering strategies, feature extraction, and the design of multimodal cardiac monitoring systems.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "CHU Lille, Inserm, CIC 1403 - Centre d’investigation clinique, Lille, France",
    "CHU Lille, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, CHU de Lille, Lille, France",
    "University of Lille, ULR 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, University of Lille, Lille, France",
    "University of Lille, ULR 2694 – METRICS, Lille, France"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Pierre Charlier"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mathieu Jeanne"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Maxence Hureau"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Julien De Jonckheere"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9ntmxten1ybpe.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0357922",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "9ntmxten1ybpe",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357922",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2204|Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Signal processing/Seismic signal processing"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Signal processing/Signal bandwidth"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Signal processing/Signal filtering"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Cardiology/Heart rate"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Acoustics"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Acoustics/Acoustic signals"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Acoustics/Sound waves"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Bioassays and physiological analysis/Electrophysiological techniques/Cardiac electrophysiology/Electrocardiography"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7207752397",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357922&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-03",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9ntmxten1ybpe.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:02Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0357922",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357922"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:cardiology",
      "subfield": "cardiovascular"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Time and frequency characteristics of various noninvasive heartbeat sensors",
  "title_text": "Time and frequency characteristics of various noninvasive heartbeat sensors",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9ntmxten1ybpe",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}