{
  "abstract": "Significant wave height (SWH) retrieval from high-frequency (HF) radar typically relies on a weak second-order Doppler continuum that is sensitive to noise, interference, and spectral leakage. This letter presents a Windowed Envelope Statistics Estimator (WESE) that operates directly on beam-formed time-domain voltages. A second-order term obtained from a Neumann expansion of the rough-surface field equation motivates quadratic compensation of localized radar features. WESE extracts the mean, standard deviation, or variance from overlapping windows of the in-phase, quadrature, or envelope-magnitude sequence, followed by quadratic compensation, rank ordering, least-squares regression, and causal smoothing. Evaluation used 335 synchronized hourly observations from a 13.385 MHz, 12-element WERA system at Argentia, Newfoundland and Labrador. The optimal configuration used quadrature variance, a 16-sample window, 896 retained chronological samples, and 30-h smoothing, achieving an RMSE of 0.152 m and a Pearson correlation of 0.978. This represents RMSE reductions of 32.1% and 18.7% relative to previously reported linear and second-order compensated ordered-statistics models, respectively. The results demonstrate robust time-domain SWH estimation without explicit Doppler-spectrum construction.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2609.10920",
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Senal Chandrasekara"
    },
    {
      "name": "Reza Shahidi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9pe0rnx40wkt7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.10920",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "9pe0rnx40wkt7",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.10920",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "physics.ao-ph"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1910|Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212234810",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.10920",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-10",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9pe0rnx40wkt7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:26Z",
      "native_id": "2609.10920",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.10920"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "arxiv:physics.ao-ph",
      "subfield": "atmospheric"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Windowed Envelope Statistics for Time-Domain Significant Wave Height Estimation From HF Radar",
  "title_text": "Windowed Envelope Statistics for Time-Domain Significant Wave Height Estimation From HF Radar",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:26Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9pe0rnx40wkt7",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}