{
  "abstract": "The first-order phase transition is central to electroweak baryogenesis and gravitational wave generation, yet thermal equilibrium effective potential analyses cannot describe the real-time non-equilibrium dynamics of the phase transition process. We use the Schwinger-Keldysh closed-time-path formalism of real-time finite-temperature field theory to study these effects. For the $ϕ^6$ model, we derive the effective action and the corresponding Langevin equation. We further extend the formalism to the two scalar fields case, obtaining the coupled Langevin equations. These results provide a theoretical framework for the bubble nucleation simulation of the non-equilibrium phase transition process, laying the foundation for reliable predictions of baryogenesis and gravitational wave signals.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.16385",
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Jie Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ligong Bian"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9qtfg0jswfv1d.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.16385",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "9qtfg0jswfv1d",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.16385",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.CO"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "hep-ph"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "hep-th"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3106|Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221801433",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.16385",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9qtfg0jswfv1d.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:29:06Z",
      "native_id": "2610.16385",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.16385"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.CO",
      "subfield": "cosmology"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:hep-ph",
      "subfield": "high-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Nonequilibrium framework for first-order phase transitions",
  "title_text": "Nonequilibrium framework for first-order phase transitions",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:29:06Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9qtfg0jswfv1d",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}