{
  "abstract": "Breast cancer progression and therapeutic resistance are closely associated with disrupted redox homeostasis, in which oxidative stress drives tumor growth, metabolic adaptation, and treatment failure. Although antioxidants have traditionally been considered cytoprotective agents, their effects on tumor redox signaling are highly context-dependent, creating an antioxidant paradox that limits their therapeutic application. This review examines how dysregulated redox signaling shapes breast cancer biology and therapeutic response across ER+, HER2+, and triple-negative subtypes, with emphasis on the NRF2-KEAP1, p53, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and HIF-1α pathways. These mechanisms provide a biological rationale for selectively modulating tumor redox states rather than broadly suppressing oxidative stress. Within this framework, redox-responsive nanocarriers and nanozymes offer opportunities for precise spatial and temporal redox modulation, enhanced tumor targeting, and controlled therapeutic activity while potentially minimizing effects on healthy tissues. Redox-directed nanotherapeutics may also influence the tumor immune microenvironment, angiogenesis, and metabolic rewiring. However, clinical translation remains constrained by dose- and context-dependent effects, intratumoral heterogeneity, limited biomarker validation, and inadequate predictive models. Personalized redox nanomedicine integrating subtype-specific redox profiling, smart nanotherapeutic platforms, and biomarker-guided patient stratification could establish redox modulation as a precision therapeutic axis and improve treatment outcomes in breast cancer.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Nanobiomedicine/Molecular and Cellular Oncology, ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany.",
    "Laboratory of Plant Cytoprotectors, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Named After A. Sadykov, Mirzo Ulugbek, 83, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan.",
    "Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek 720038, Kyrgyzstan.",
    "Department of Engineering Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Artvin Çoruh University, Artvin 08000, Türkiye.",
    "Medicinal-Aromatic Plants Application and Research Center, Artvin Çoruh University, Artvin 08000, Türkiye.",
    "Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School, İstanbul Beykent University, Istanbul 34500, Türkiye.",
    "Faculty of Arts and Science, Chemistry Department, Aksaray University, Aksaray 68100, Türkiye.",
    "Vocational School of Health Science, Pharmacy Services Program, Tarsus University, Tarsus 33400, Türkiye."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nina Kummer"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sabina Gayibova",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8373-5234"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Takhir Aripov"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Désirée Gül",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2446-5756"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mustafa Dolaz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Burcu Önal Acet"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Leyla Polat Köse"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Mehmet Odabaşı",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2589-9919"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Roland H Stauber"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Ömür Acet"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9rwpyx851mazm.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/antiox15101307",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13701286",
  "id": "9rwpyx851mazm",
  "issns": [
    "2076-3921"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939881",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Redox biology and oxidative stress"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221356748",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13701286?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13701286",
  "pmid": "42939881",
  "published": "2026-10-10",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9rwpyx851mazm.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42939881",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939881"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Redox biology and oxidative stress",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Therapeutic Redox Reprogramming in Breast Cancer: From Antioxidant Modulation to Precision Nanomedicine.",
  "title_text": "Therapeutic Redox Reprogramming in Breast Cancer: From Antioxidant Modulation to Precision Nanomedicine.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9rwpyx851mazm",
  "venue": "Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}