{
  "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: Chronic gastroduodenal disorders remain challenging to manage, and new diagnostic approaches are needed to better delineate underlying causes and guide therapeutic decisions. Body Surface Gastric Mapping (BSGM) technologies combine high-resolution gastric myoelectrical activity measurements with symptom and psychological profiling to provide mechanistic insights into gastric motor and sensory dysfunction. An International Working Group convened to derive the first consensus classification of BSGM phenotypes (the \"Auckland Classification\"). METHODS: A Technical Group conducted a systematic literature and clinical database review to identify objective test biomarkers and candidate disease mechanisms. Evidence was synthesized across 50 studies (primarily in gastroparesis, chronic nausea and vomiting, and functional dyspepsia), and BSGM phenotypes were mapped to existing treatment guidelines. Subsequently, iterative review and development of consensus was performed by a Consensus Group composed of international clinical experts familiar with BSGM. Eleven statements underlying the classification were then derived and circulated as a final survey to establish agreement. RESULTS: Six BSGM phenotypes were endorsed: three defined by myoelectrical abnormalities (Dysrhythmic, High Frequency, and Low Meal Response) and three by characteristic symptom associations (Sensorimotor, Continuous, and Delayed Onset Symptoms). Published studies plausibly linked these phenotypes to mechanisms including interstitial cell of Cajal depletion, vagal impairment, hypomotility, visceral hypersensitivity, gut-brain dysregulation, and small bowel dysfunction. Phenotypes were also mapped to existing mechanism-based treatment guidelines. Ten out of the eleven statements had > 80% agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The Auckland Classification, derived by international consensus, presents a structured framework for BSGM-defined patient phenotypes. Evidence and mechanism-based treatment options are suggested for each phenotype to provide a foundation for research, further validation, and a pathway for integrating BSGM into clinical care.",
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  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Surgery The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand",
    "Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA",
    "Alimetry Ltd Auckland New Zealand",
    "University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA",
    "Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana USA",
    "Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand",
    "Te Wananga o Aotearoa Auckland New Zealand",
    "Allegheny Health Network Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA",
    "King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London UK",
    "Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA",
    "Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA",
    "Wellington Hospital Wellington New Zealand",
    "Cedars‐Sinai Los Angeles California USA",
    "Stanford University Stanford California USA",
    "Waitemata District Health Board Auckland New Zealand",
    "Washington and Lee University Lexington Virginia USA",
    "University College London London UK",
    "School of Medicine, Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia",
    "Klinik Arlesheim and University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland",
    "Apollo Multispeciality Hospitals Kolkata West Bengal India",
    "Cleveland Clinic London London UK",
    "Mayo Clinic Scottsdale Arizona USA",
    "Princess Alexandra Hospital; University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia",
    "Functional Gut Clinic London UK",
    "Tri‐Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical University Taipei Taiwan",
    "Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht the Netherlands",
    "Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), UCLA Los Angeles California USA",
    "Vagelos College of Medicine, Columbia University New York New York USA",
    "University of California San Diego California USA",
    "University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA",
    "Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago Illinois USA",
    "Atrium Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA",
    "Hoag Digestive Health Institute Newport Beach California USA",
    "Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA",
    "Freeman Hospital Newcastle UK",
    "Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA",
    "University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia",
    "Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand",
    "University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA",
    "University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 67,
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9tq5wzk4q1q13.bib",
  "cited_by": 11,
  "doi": "10.1111/nmo.70377",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "9tq5wzk4q1q13",
  "issns": [
    "1350-1925",
    "1365-2982"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.70377",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2715|Gastrointestinal motility and disorders"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7166891236",
  "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/nmo.70377",
  "pmcid": "PMC13320621",
  "pmid": "42381563",
  "published": "2026-07-01",
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9tq5wzk4q1q13.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:56Z",
      "native_id": "W7166891236",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.70377"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2715|Gastrointestinal motility and disorders",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Expert Clinical Consensus on Body Surface Gastric Mapping Phenotypes for Gastroduodenal Disorders: ‘Auckland Classification’ v1.0",
  "title_text": "Expert Clinical Consensus on Body Surface Gastric Mapping Phenotypes for Gastroduodenal Disorders: ‘Auckland Classification’ v1.0",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T13:21:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9tq5wzk4q1q13",
  "venue": "Neurogastroenterology & Motility",
  "versions": []
}