{
  "abstract": "We present multiwavelength photometric and optical spectroscopic observations of the long-lived interacting supernova SN 2019vxm, spanning more than 2 yr after the explosion. SN 2019vxm is a slowly rising (rise time ∼ 43 days in the R -band), slowly declining supernova reaching an R -band peak absolute magnitude of ≈−20.3 mag. The SN light curve postmaximum shows a shallow decline, followed by a secondary, steeper decline in the optical (∼0.01 mag day ⁻¹ ), with late-time IR brightening. The total radiated luminosity is 5 × 10 ⁵⁰ erg, placing it among the energetic class of its type. We estimated a CSM mass of 3–8 M ⊙ through light-curve modeling (independent of the CSM density profile) and by comparison with theoretical models. We estimate a minimum ejecta mass of ∼3.88 M ⊙ from the broad H α component, consistent with the ejecta mass obtained from the light-curve models. The solely interaction-dominated initial epochs are later accompanied by photon-scattering signatures, leading to asymmetric line profiles with symmetric wings. The late phase, characterized by enhanced brightness at longer wavelengths and a stronger asymmetric line profile with the red side flux strongly suppressed, indicates the influence of preexisting or newly formed dust with temperatures ∼1600 K at ∼4 × 10 ¹⁶ cm. Even in the late phases, no nebular lines are present in the spectra, indicating dense or obscured ejecta.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Indian Institute of Astrophysics",
    "Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)",
    "Shanghai Jiao Tong University",
    "Kagoshima University",
    "Kyoto University",
    "Hiroshima University",
    "Yunnan University",
    "Stockholm University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Gitika Rameshan",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-4872-1134"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Rishabh Singh Teja",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0525-0872"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "D. K. Sahu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6688-0800"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "G. C. Anupama",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3533-7183"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Masayuki Yamanaka",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9456-3709"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Keiichi Maeda",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2611-7269"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Tatsuya Nakaoka"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Sota Goto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Brajesh Kumar",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7225-2475"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Avinash Singh",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2091-622X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Miho Kawabata",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4540-4928"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Koji S Kawabata",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6099-9539"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Kenta Taguchi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8482-8993"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9vred8pb0jqxp.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3847/1538-4357/aea5fd",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "9vred8pb0jqxp",
  "issns": [
    "0004-637X",
    "1538-4357"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aea5fd",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7165850694",
  "pdf_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aea5fd/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "American Astronomical Society",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9vred8pb0jqxp.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:11Z",
      "native_id": "10.3847/1538-4357/aea5fd",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aea5fd"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:3103|Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae",
      "subfield": "high-energy-astrophysics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Two Years of Shock Interaction Tracing Three Phases of Evolution: The Explosion of a Type IIn Supernova, SN 2019vxm",
  "title_text": "Two Years of Shock Interaction Tracing Three Phases of Evolution: The Explosion of a Type IIn Supernova, SN 2019vxm",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:11Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9vred8pb0jqxp",
  "venue": "The Astrophysical Journal",
  "versions": []
}