{
  "abstract": "Why revisit our understanding of relapsing fever and their causative spirochaetes? We have seen many existing paradigms of relapsing fever borreliosis challenged over recent years, largely facilitated through technological molecular biological improvements. Concepts that were believed for many years are now being questioned; from the origins of B. recurrentis, the epidemic form of relapsing fever, through to the one-tick-one Borrelia model. Furthermore, the description of relapsing fever borreliae such as B. miyamotoi transmitted by hard tick species and increasing reports of new borrelial species have prompted a re-evaluation of existing knowledge. Within this narrative review, we overview existing knowledge of relapsing fever ecology, epidemiology, diagnostics, disease and prevention, and explore several research gaps worthy of further research.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Infection & Immunity Research Group, School of Health, Sport & Bioscience, University of East London, London, United Kingdom"
  ],
  "article_type": "Review",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sally J. Cutler"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9w3dta6ppvsgh.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pntd.0014737",
  "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014737",
  "id": "9w3dta6ppvsgh",
  "issns": [
    "1935-2735"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014737",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2405|Vector-borne infectious diseases"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Body fluids/Blood"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Proteins/Immune system proteins/Antigens/Antigenic variation"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Immune system proteins/Antigens/Antigenic variation"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Borrelia"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Borrelia"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropoda/Arachnida/Ixodes/Ticks"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Animals/Vertebrates"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Body fluids/Blood"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Immune physiology/Antigens/Antigenic variation"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Species interactions/Disease vectors/Ticks"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropoda/Arachnida/Ixodes/Ticks"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Animals/Vertebrates"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Body fluids/Blood"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Immunology/Immune system proteins/Antigens/Antigenic variation"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Bacterial diseases/Borrelia infection"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Bacterial diseases/Borrelia infection/Lyme disease"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Bacterial diseases/Relapsing fever"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Disease vectors/Ticks"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Tropical diseases/Neglected tropical diseases/Relapsing fever"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Borrelia"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213563582",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014737&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-18",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9w3dta6ppvsgh.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pntd.0014737",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014737"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:immunology",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:infectious diseases",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:anatomy",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Relapsing fever revisited: New insights into neglected borrelial infections",
  "title_text": "Relapsing fever revisited: New insights into neglected borrelial infections",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9w3dta6ppvsgh",
  "venue": "PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases",
  "versions": []
}