{
  "abstract": "Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) combined with diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly increases the risk of vascular restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Despite advancements in stent technology, restenosis remains a concern, especially in diabetic patients. This study aims to predict restenosis risk using serum metabolites and risk factors.\n\nMethods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 272 CAD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who underwent PCI between January 2020 and June 2023. Based on one-year angiographic follow-up, patients were divided into restenosis ( n = 121) and non-restenosis groups ( n = 151). Serum metabolites and biomarkers, including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), were evaluated, together with procedure-related characteristics (including stent type and post-procedural percentage diameter stenosis) and medication use (including calcium antagonists). Logistic regression and correlation analysis identified significant predictors, and a nomogram prediction model was developed and internally validated using bootstrap resampling.\n\nResults: Lower HbA1c levels were associated with restenosis (rho = −0.142, P = 0.008; OR = 0.767, 95% CI [0.625–0.941]). Higher levels of IGF-I (rho = 0.328, P < 0.001; OR = 1.053, 95% CI [1.032–1.075]), LDL-C ( r = 0.135, P = 0.025; OR = 1.682, 95% CI [1.107–2.555]), TNF-α ( r = 0.172, P = 0.004; OR = 1.434, 95% CI [1.119–1.838]), and hsCRP ( r = 0.179, P = 0.003; OR = 1.786, 95% CI [1.185–2.693]) were also significantly associated. Non-drug-eluting stents (DES) and higher percentage diameter stenosis (%DS) increased restenosis risk. Calcium antagonists use was negatively correlated with restenosis ( r = − 0.185, P = 0.002; OR = 0.449, 95% CI [0.228–0.884]). The nomogram model demonstrated good discrimination for restenosis (apparent AUC = 0.833; bootstrap-corrected AUC = 0.808).\n\nConclusion: This study identified key predictive factors for post-PCI restenosis in CAD patients with DM through case-control analysis. The nomogram model showed good discrimination on internal bootstrap validation. Pending external validation, it may provide a useful exploratory tool to support risk stratification and inform management aimed at reducing the restenosis burden in high-risk cardiovascular populations.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ping Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hongyu Peng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Qian Fan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuan Shan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ning Yin"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9wx2rsmf0exxm.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.7717/peerj.21697",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "9wx2rsmf0exxm",
  "issns": [
    "2167-8359"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://peerj.com/articles/21697",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2746|Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221686917",
  "pdf_url": "https://peerj.com/articles/21697.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": "PeerJ",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9wx2rsmf0exxm.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:47Z",
      "native_id": "10.7717/peerj.21697",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://peerj.com/articles/21697"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Nomogram for predicting post-percutaneous coronary intervention restenosis in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes: a retrospective study",
  "title_text": "Nomogram for predicting post-percutaneous coronary intervention restenosis in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes: a retrospective study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9wx2rsmf0exxm",
  "venue": "PeerJ",
  "versions": []
}