{
  "abstract": "Recovery of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries commonly relies on single-pass chemical reductants, increasing reagent consumption and limiting opportunities for reductant reuse. In this study, electrochemically assisted leaching (EAL) with continuous regeneration of the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox mediator was investigated for nickel–cobalt–aluminum oxide (NCA)-containing black mass. The leaching kinetics of nickel, cobalt, and lithium were compared in H2SO4, H2SO4 + Fe2+, and in H2SO4 with continuous cathodic regeneration of Fe2+. Kinetic data were analyzed by nonlinear regression in fractional-conversion space, model selection using the corrected Akaike information criterion, and subsequent assessment of the physical plausibility of the selected kinetic schemes. Solid-state changes were examined by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM-EDS, while response surface methodology was used for multi-response process optimization. Nickel and cobalt were generally better described by two-stage kinetics, with a temperature-sensitive initial regime followed by a slower product-layer-affected stage. Reductive leaching was accompanied by reconstruction of the Ni-rich layered oxide toward a rock-salt NiO-type residual phase, which is considered a plausible contributor to the nearly temperature-independent cobalt extraction limit of approximately 69–74%. Multi-response optimization identified a mediator-to-solid ratio of approximately 0.8 mmol Fe2+ per gram of black mass, enabling sub-stoichiometric mediator use. At 45 °C and 120 min, leaching efficiencies reached 99.6% for lithium, 95.1% for nickel, and 70.4% for cobalt. These results demonstrate the feasibility of coupling chemical leaching with continuous electrochemical mediator regeneration while identifying the solid-state and mass-transfer limitations governing further process intensification.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Laboratory of Electrochemical Production Technologies, Center of Physical-Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan",
    "National Nanotechnology Laboratory, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Artur Grigoryev",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-0532-4693"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Saken Abdimomyn",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5985-9050"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mikhail Simonov",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-6943-4050"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Amirkhan Bekmagambetov",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-5079-1456"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Renata Nemkayeva",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8782-703X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fyodor Malchik",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6381-0738"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9xz307v14dg9z.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/batteries12110452",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "9xz307v14dg9z",
  "issns": [
    "2313-0105"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/11/452",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9xz307v14dg9z.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T00:24:21Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/batteries12110452",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/11/452"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2313-0105",
      "subfield": "electrochemistry-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Electrochemically Assisted Leaching of Critical Metals from Spent NCA Batteries: Kinetic Study and Optimization",
  "title_text": "Electrochemically Assisted Leaching of Critical Metals from Spent NCA Batteries: Kinetic Study and Optimization",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T00:20:54Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9xz307v14dg9z",
  "venue": "Batteries",
  "versions": []
}