{
  "abstract": "Background: Pneumococcal surveillance remains challenging due to limited invasive disease surveillance and logistically demanding nasopharyngeal carriage studies, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We evaluated indoor air sampling as a noninvasive approach for monitoring pneumococcal circulation and serotype distribution. Methods: Monthly indoor air samples were collected over 20 months (January 2022-September 2023) in a Belgian childcare center. Samples were analyzed by qPCR for pneumococcal detection and serotype identification. Results: Pneumococci were detected in all samples. After excluding serotypes with known specificity issues, 15 serotypes/serogroups were identified, with a mean of seven per sample. Commonly detected serotypes largely matched those reported in Belgian carriage studies and invasive disease surveillance. Conclusions: Indoor air sampling captured signals of community pneumococcal circulation and serotype dynamics. With further validation, it could provide a scalable, affordable surveillance tool to support vaccine policy, monitor vaccine impact, and strengthen respiratory pathogen surveillance, particularly in LMICs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens and Invasive; Corresponding author.",
    "Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium",
    "Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    "Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens and Invasive; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium",
    "Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens and Invasive"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bieke Tack"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Caspar Geenen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Tessa Nieuwenhuijsen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Lize Cuypers"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Kurt Beuselinck"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Krzysztof Trzciński"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Emmanuel André"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Stefanie Desmet"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9yc8g00wwy8k1.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109091",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971226007265",
  "id": "9yc8g00wwy8k1",
  "issns": [
    "1201-9712",
    "1878-3511"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109091",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "RC109-216"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7206181646",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(26)00726-5/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9yc8g00wwy8k1.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:44:32Z",
      "native_id": "7a6d1c252ffa42eb89794af61b5326a4",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109091"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Rethinking pneumococcal surveillance through indoor air sampling",
  "title_text": "Rethinking pneumococcal surveillance through indoor air sampling",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:44:32Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9yc8g00wwy8k1",
  "venue": "International Journal of Infectious Diseases",
  "versions": []
}