{
  "abstract": "Introduction: In relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) it is challenging to predict which person will benefit from a certain therapy, such as cladribine tablets (CladT). This study aimed to obtain a better understanding of the interaction between the gut-brain axis and CladT to improve treatment response prediction.\n\nMethods: In this multicenter, prospective, observational study, we included 81 people with RRMS starting CladT. We assessed the clinical, immunological and microbiological profiles at baseline and after 3, 12 and 24 months, and compared results between responders and non-responders, classified based on inflammatory disease activity and disability progression (NEDA-3).\n\nResults: A total of 35 of 81 (47%) participants were responders. We found no differences in immune cell profiles between responders and non-responders. Network analysis revealed more positive correlations between immune cell clusters within the same parent cluster and a stronger negative correlation between CD8 ⁺ T cells and myeloid cells in responders. Microbiological analyses showed that fecal alpha diversity, both overall and for Bacteroidetes, as well as the relative abundance of the species Bacteroides caccae and Prevotella copri in fecal samples, are associated with treatment response to CladT.\n\nDiscussion: Although we found a trend toward more coordinated immune reorganization in CladT responders, and identified fecal alpha diversity and fecal Bacteroides caccae and Prevotella copri as associated with treatment response, we could not develop a reliable model to predict treatment response before or shortly after the start of CladT. Our results warrant further investigation in larger cohorts.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Neurology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital",
    "MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam",
    "Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam",
    "inBiome",
    "Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research",
    "Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam",
    "Department of Radiology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital",
    "Department of Epidemiology and Data Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam",
    "Department of Neurology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital",
    "Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital",
    "Department of Neurology, St. Antonius Hospital",
    "Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center",
    "School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University",
    "Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent",
    "Department of Neurology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 23,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jeske van Pamelen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Chaja M. J. van Ansenwoude"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Maria Miguélez Sánchez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Lotte Spijkerbosch"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Carla Rodriguez-Mogeda"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Lynn van Olst"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Susanne M. A. van der Pol"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Maarten L. Boon"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Marleen J. A. Koel-Simmelink"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Tom van Seeters"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Birgit I. Lissenberg-Witte"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Janet de Beukelaar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Jiske Fermont"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Stephan T. F. M. Frequin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11,
        12
      ],
      "name": "Oliver H. H. Gerlach"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Guy Laureys"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Bob W. van Oosten"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Judith van Vliet"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Joep Killestein"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Charlotte E. Teunissen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Andries E. Budding"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Helga E. de Vries"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Leo H. Visser"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9ym1jrc7x7fdb.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1955097",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "9ym1jrc7x7fdb",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1955097/full",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2734|Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7169764418",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1955097/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9ym1jrc7x7fdb.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1955097",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1955097/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "issn:1664-3224",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A two year clinical, immunological and gut-brain-axis prospective study to predict treatment response to cladribine tablets in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis",
  "title_text": "A two year clinical, immunological and gut-brain-axis prospective study to predict treatment response to cladribine tablets in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/9ym1jrc7x7fdb",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Immunology",
  "versions": []
}