{
  "abstract": "Synovial fluid (SF) rheological properties deteriorate progressively in knee osteoarthritis (OA) due to a reduction in hyaluronic acid (HA) concentration and molecular weight, compromising joint lubrication and load distribution. Restoring these properties through intra-articular viscosupplementation with HA is a widely used therapeutic strategy. However, commercially available linear HA formulations differ substantially in their mechanical behavior, and single-parameter assessments are insufficient for capturing their functional differences. In this study, eight commercially available intra-articular linear HA hydrogels-TrHLINE 1%®, TrHLINE 2%®, Hyalubrix®, Hyalgan Bio®, Pronolis® HD 2.5%, Biolevox™ HA ONE 2.5%, Suplasyn®, and Arthrum H 2%®-were evaluated under standardized conditions using steady-state viscosity, mechanical stress response, first normal stress difference (N1), storage and loss moduli (G', G″), loss factor (tan δ), and elasticity percentage. Results revealed three distinct functional profiles: lubricant-oriented with low to moderate structural organization (Hyalgan Bio®, Suplasyn®, TrHLINE 1%®); balanced viscoelastic with sustained structural persistence (TrHLINE 2%®, Hyalubrix®, Arthrum H 2%®); and high initial rigidity with reduced dynamic persistence (Biolevox™ HA ONE 2.5%, Pronolis® HD 2.5%). These findings demonstrate that multi-parametric rheological benchmarking effectively discriminates functional differences among HA viscosupplements and supports indication-oriented product selection based on OA severity and patient mechanical demand.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "i+Med S. Coop., Alava Technology Park, C/Hermanos Elhuyar 6, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alejandro Melero",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4761-8230"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ander Pino",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3926-4989"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "José María Alonso",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9527-8333"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nagore Martínez de Cestafe"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Claudia Goenaga Ibeas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Amaia Huguet-Casquero",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9724-0921"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Miguel Ucelay López de Heredia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Raúl Pérez González"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a1rpcrx7x4apw.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/gels12100882",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704416",
  "id": "a1rpcrx7x4apw",
  "issns": [
    "2310-2861"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929916",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2745|Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214998354",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704416?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13704416",
  "pmid": "42929916",
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a1rpcrx7x4apw.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42929916",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929916"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2745|Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Comparative Rheological Characterization of Hyaluronic Acid Viscosupplements for Synovial Fluid Restoration in Osteoarthritis and Knee Biomechanics.",
  "title_text": "Comparative Rheological Characterization of Hyaluronic Acid Viscosupplements for Synovial Fluid Restoration in Osteoarthritis and Knee Biomechanics.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a1rpcrx7x4apw",
  "venue": "Gels (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}