{
  "abstract": "Background: Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) exhibits variable recurrence patterns, with significant late recurrences occurring years after treatment. We investigated cutoff periods to define late recurrence and identified predictors that distinguish patients at risk of late recurrence from those considered cured.\n\nMethods: From a multi‐institutional cohort of 219 ONB patients treated at nine centers, we analyzed 77 patients with documented recurrence. Using a 48‐month cutoff to define early (< 48 months) versus late (≥ 48 months) recurrence, we evaluated 35 clinical, anatomic, and treatment variables using Firth penalized logistic regression across three comparisons: (1) late versus early recurrence timing, (2) late recurrence versus no recurrence, and (3) early recurrence versus no recurrence.\n\nResults: Thirty‐four of the 77 (44.2%) recurrences were classified as late. Among the 77 patients who recurred, smaller tumor volume (OR 0.243, p = 0.035) and lower novel Dulguerov staging (OR 0.802, p = 0.038) were associated with late, rather than early recurrence. When patients with late recurrence were compared to those who remained disease‐free, radiographic skull base bone involvement was the strongest independent predictor (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.14–8.64, p = 0.025), and this effect strengthened after adjusting for tumor volume (OR 3.80, p = 0.029). Pathologic dural invasion (OR 3.29, p = 0.013), Kadish stage (OR 2.02, p = 0.026), and T‐stage (OR 1.32, p = 0.040) were also significant.\n\nConclusions: A 48‐month cutoff effectively stratifies ONB recurrence risk. Skull base bone involvement independently predicts recurrence when compared to nonrecurrent cases and uniquely persists as a risk factor for late recurrence. These findings establish skull base bone involvement as a novel biomarker for risk‐stratified surveillance protocols.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA",
    "Department of Neurological Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana USA",
    "Department of Neurological Surgery Universite Laval Quebec City Quebec Canada",
    "Department of Neurological Surgery Stanford University Palo Alto California USA",
    "Department of Neurological Surgery NYU Langone Health New York New York USA",
    "Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Stanford University Palo Alto California USA",
    "Department of Neurological Surgery University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada",
    "Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Loyola University Medical Center Maywood Illinois USA",
    "Department of Neurological Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA",
    "Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery NYU Langone Health New York New York USA",
    "Department of Neurological Surgery Oregon Health & Science University Portland Oregon USA",
    "Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA",
    "Department of Neurological Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA",
    "Department of Neurological Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin USA",
    "Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA",
    "Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery University of California Irvine California USA",
    "Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Oregon Health & Science University Portland Oregon USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 24,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alexandria Harris",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0336-4438"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anthony Tang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nicholas Fung"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Joao Paulo Almeida"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Pierre‐Olivier Champagne"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Juan Fernandez‐Miranda"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Paul A. Gardner"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Peter Hwang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0786-4675"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Aristotelis Kalyvas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Chirag Patel",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2072-982X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Zara M. Patel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Maria Peris Celda"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Carlos D. Pinheiro‐Neto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Olabisi Sanusi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Carl H. Snyderman",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8920-4522"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Brian D. Thorp"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Jamie J. Van Gompel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Georgios Zenonos"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Nathan T. Zwagerman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Diana Bell"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Edward C. Kuan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Eric W. Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1180-5854"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16
      ],
      "name": "Mathew Geltzeiler"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Garret Choby",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3745-2727"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a1wn6ey7bzesx.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/alr.70216",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13731155/",
  "id": "a1wn6ey7bzesx",
  "issns": [
    "2042-6976",
    "2042-6984"
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.70216",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
    ],
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      "2746|Head and Neck Surgical Oncology"
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  "openalex": "W7167833709",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13731155",
  "pmid": "42422976",
  "published": "2026-07-09",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a1wn6ey7bzesx.ris",
  "sources": [
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      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:21:24Z",
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  "subjects": [
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      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|Head and Neck Surgical Oncology",
      "subfield": "surgery"
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  ],
  "title": "Early Versus Late Recurrence in Olfactory Neuroblastoma: A Multi‐Institutional Analysis of Predictive Risk Factors",
  "title_text": "Early Versus Late Recurrence in Olfactory Neuroblastoma: A Multi‐Institutional Analysis of Predictive Risk Factors",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:21:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a1wn6ey7bzesx",
  "venue": "International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology",
  "versions": []
}