{
  "abstract": "Integrating mechanical and optical energy harvesting within a single piezoelectric semiconductor platform remains challenging because photoexcited carriers readily screen the piezoelectric potential and suppress nanogenerator output. Here, we realize highly crystalline, polarity-defined N-polar InGaN/GaN nanorods with opposite axial In gradients and correspondingly opposite built-in electrostatic profiles. Depth-sensitive, angle-resolved hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-HAXPES) reveals opposite equilibrium band-bending profiles─surface carrier accumulation in In-increasing nanorods but depletion in In-decreasing ones─showing that polarization grading redistributes as-grown mobile carriers and that only the In-increasing configuration establishes the internal electrostatics needed to suppress carrier screening and preserve the piezoelectric potential during nanogenerator operation. In vertically integrated nanogenerators (VINGs), this asymmetry produces a much larger output from the In-increasing device than from the In-decreasing one, together with more favorable transient behavior and energy-storage performance, and is further amplified under illumination, which enhances the output of the In-increasing device while suppressing that of the In-decreasing one, consistent with opposite photoscreening dynamics set by the grading-defined built-in fields. These results demonstrate hybrid mechanical-optical energy harvesting in direct-band gap piezoelectric semiconductors such as III-nitrides, where light and strain act cooperatively rather than competitively.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan70101, Taiwan.",
    "National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) , Hsinchu30076, Taiwan.",
    "The Key Consortium of Electron Microscopy, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan.",
    "Center for Condensed Matter Sciences and Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan.",
    "Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research and Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan70101, Taiwan."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sheng-Shong Wong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhen-You Lin",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-2993-6431"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ya-Chi Chiu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ming-Hao Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ming-Wen Chu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chia-Hao Chen",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1311-8342"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Chung-Lin Wu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5108-4510"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a2nf32w2t9mxw.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acsnano.6c09038",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13585178",
  "id": "a2nf32w2t9mxw",
  "issns": [
    "1936-0851",
    "1936-086X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42915036",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2204|Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7207569754",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13585178?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13585178",
  "pmid": "42915036",
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a2nf32w2t9mxw.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42915036",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42915036"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Polarization-Gradient Engineering of InGaN Nanorods for Hybrid Mechanical-Optical Energy Harvesting.",
  "title_text": "Polarization-Gradient Engineering of InGaN Nanorods for Hybrid Mechanical-Optical Energy Harvesting.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a2nf32w2t9mxw",
  "venue": "ACS nano",
  "versions": []
}