{
  "abstract": "Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is expanding from conventional cortical modulation toward approaches capable of engaging deeper brain targets, but the literature structures of major modalities have rarely been compared within a common framework. We conducted a comparative bibliometric mapping review of temporal interference stimulation (TI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial focused ultrasound and related low-intensity ultrasound stimulation (tFUS/TUS/LIFU), using Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus records indexed from January 2017 to June 2026. After deduplication, relevance screening, targeted re-auditing, and corpus quality control, 32,017 records were retained (162 TI, 20,179 TMS, 10,576 tDCS, and 1,100 tFUS/TUS/LIFU). A strict ultrasound-neuromodulation core set ( n = 843) was used for modality-specific comparisons, giving a comparative dataset of 31,760 records. TI had the fastest relative growth from 2017 to 2025 (CAGR 64.6%) but the smallest absolute increase. In 10,000 size- and year-matched resamples, TI showed lower author-keyword Shannon diversity and higher Top-10 keyword concentration than matched TMS, tDCS, and tFUS/TUS/LIFU samples after joint Benjamini–Hochberg correction. The thematic pattern was also preserved when comparator corpora were expanded after record-level adjudication, when inclusion was restricted to title-defined records, and when the historical title-term procedure was applied to the contemporary datasets. The six thematic comparisons also remained significant under two-sided empirical testing. In contrast, when each modality was aligned to its own first 9 years, early TMS and tDCS were more thematically concentrated than TI, whereas early tFUS was less concentrated; this pattern persisted after broadening the historical tFUS corpus. Recent TI research activity also includes direct human deep-target validation and patient studies, alongside several registered clinical trials. These developments indicate translational activity beyond modeling and early proof-of-concept work. Together, these findings do not support a simple monotonic relationship between field age and thematic concentration across NIBS modalities, indicating that contemporary thematic concentration should not be interpreted as a direct proxy for bibliometric maturity.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University",
    "School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University"
  ],
  "article_type": "systematic review",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Guodong Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Shuang Wu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a3shaq8fat1kc.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1922512",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13710099/",
  "id": "a3shaq8fat1kc",
  "issns": [
    "1662-453X",
    "1662-4548"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2026.1922512/full",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Systematic Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2808|Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221647468",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2026.1922512/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13710099",
  "pmid": "42947882",
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a3shaq8fat1kc.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:23Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1922512",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2026.1922512/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:21:08Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13710099",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1922512"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2808|Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Across established non-invasive neuromodulation and emerging deep-targeting strategies: a comparative bibliometric analysis of TI, TMS, tDCS, and tFUS/TUS/LIFU",
  "title_text": "Across established non-invasive neuromodulation and emerging deep-targeting strategies: a comparative bibliometric analysis of TI, TMS, tDCS, and tFUS/TUS/LIFU",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:21:08Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a3shaq8fat1kc",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Neuroscience",
  "versions": []
}