{
  "abstract": "Waxy crude oils exhibit poor low-temperature flowability due to wax crystallization and the formation of a three-dimensional gel network, leading to operational challenges in production and transportation. In this work, a series of Fe₃O₄@ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) nanocomposite pour point depressants (F-NPPDs) with different Fe₃O₄ particle sizes were synthesized via hydrothermal preparation, surface modification, and solution blending. The effects of Fe₃O₄ particle size on the physicochemical properties, wax crystallization behavior, and low-temperature rheology of a 20 wt% wax model oil were systematically investigated. Results show that all F-NPPDs significantly improve flowability compared to neat EVA. Among the samples prepared, F2-NPPD exhibits the best overall performance, reducing the pour point to 20 °C and markedly decreasing apparent viscosity and gelation temperature. Rheological and DSC analyses confirm that F-NPPDs effectively lower wax crystallization temperature, weaken gel strength, and reduce both storage and loss moduli. Polarized light microscopy reveals that the addition of Fe₃O₄@EVA transforms wax crystals from dense needle-like structures into dispersed spherical or flower-like morphologies, thereby disrupting the interconnected wax network. The enhanced performance is primarily attributed to Fe₃O₄-induced heterogeneous nucleation, which increases nucleation density and refines wax crystal size. Particle size is identified as the dominant factor governing performance, while magnetic interactions play a secondary role. Overall, this study demonstrates that tailoring Fe₃O₄ particle size is an effective strategy to optimize EVA-based nanocomposite pour point depressants for the improved low-temperature flow assurance of waxy crude oils.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Downhole Service Company of Daqing Oilfield Co., Ltd., Daqing 163000, China",
    "Petrochina Daqing Petrochemical Company, Daqing 163000, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shuhan Ma"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xu Lu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xijiu Sun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuxi Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hongjing Li"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a52a2fg5xzvad.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/magnetochemistry12100108",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2312-7481/12/10/108",
  "id": "a52a2fg5xzvad",
  "issns": [
    "2312-7481"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry12100108",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QD1-999"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1602|Petroleum Processing and Analysis"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214144525",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a52a2fg5xzvad.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T14:21:30Z",
      "native_id": "00d7f9aa0ea84afcbd87f925ffe87921",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry12100108"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1602|Petroleum Processing and Analysis",
      "subfield": "analytical"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effect of Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticle Size on the Performance of Magnetic Nanocomposite Pour Point Depressants",
  "title_text": "Effect of Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticle Size on the Performance of Magnetic Nanocomposite Pour Point Depressants",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T14:21:30Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a52a2fg5xzvad",
  "venue": "Magnetochemistry",
  "versions": []
}