{
  "abstract": "Robots have traditionally been conceptualized as physical machines equipped with sensors, actuators, control systems, and varying degrees of autonomy. However, the needs of users are not necessarily defined by a desire to own or interact with a robot as a particular category of machine. Instead, users may primarily want certain activities to be completed with minimal effort, supervision, and intervention. This paper proposes a task-centered perspective on intelligent devices, in which the primary design objective is not the construction of a robot but the autonomous accomplishment of useful activities. Under this perspective, an intelligent device is a system that can interpret a desired outcome, assess relevant conditions, select appropriate capabilities, execute actions, evaluate results, and adapt its behavior when circumstances change. Such a system may employ robotic mechanisms, conventional appliances, software agents, remote services, shared infrastructure, or combinations of these resources. The proposed framework separates task requirements from device form, operational capabilities from physical embodiment, and successful task completion from the execution of predefined actions. A formal model is developed to represent task specifications, contextual observations, capability selection, autonomous execution, resource constraints, and outcome verification. The paper further introduces a task-centered design architecture, a classification of autonomy levels, and an evaluation framework for reliability, intervention burden, resource efficiency, safety, and task completion quality. As a conceptual contribution, the framework provides a basis for designing intelligent devices around the outcomes people need rather than around predetermined machine categories. It also identifies important challenges involving underspecified goals, uncertain environments, safety constraints, accountability, and the distinction between genuine task completion and apparent success.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Jincheng Zhang",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-1860-0009"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a5e76p99fwg4y.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.23591831",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "a5e76p99fwg4y",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://zenodo.org/records/23591831",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/23591831/files/Beyond%20Robots.pdf/content",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a5e76p99fwg4y.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:21:17Z",
      "native_id": "23591831",
      "source": "zenodo",
      "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/23591831"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Beyond Robots: A Task-Centered Framework for Intelligent Devices That Autonomously Accomplish Human-Defined and Context-Driven Activities",
  "title_text": "Beyond Robots: A Task-Centered Framework for Intelligent Devices That Autonomously Accomplish Human-Defined and Context-Driven Activities",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:21:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a5e76p99fwg4y",
  "venue": "Zenodo",
  "versions": []
}