{
  "abstract": "Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological intervention studies on work outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).\n\nData sources: We searched three electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science: Conference Proceeding Citation Index) and included studies reporting on having/returning to paid employment, work productivity, or factors related to work ability.\n\nReview methods: The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews checklist were followed. All steps were conducted by two reviewers.\n\nResults: The search (inception-April 2026) yielded 10449 articles. Sixteen studies were included: four vocational, seven psychological, one exercise, and four combining these intervention types. Reported work outcomes included employment status, work difficulties, workplace accommodations, promotions, impact on work and education, work productivity and impairment, and work and social adjustment. Eight studies aimed to improve work outcomes. Five interventions demonstrated significant improvement: two targeting fatigue with cognitive behavioral therapy (β = −0.34, 95% CI: −0.66 to −0.03; β = −3.68, 95% CI: −5.82 to −1.537), one on conscientiousness (effect size not reported), one on information processing speed (f2 = 0.04, p = 0.044), and one on job seeking (career goals and appraisal of potential work difficulties (t = −2.68, p = 0.009), self-esteem (t = 2.47, p = 0.016), relations (t = 2.44, p = 0.017), finances (t = 2.14, p = 0.036)).\n\nConclusion: Few non-pharmacological interventions evaluate work outcomes. Cognitive behavioral therapy targeting MS-related fatigue shows promise for improving work outcomes. The heterogeneity of MS and variability in work contexts add challenges, indicating that personalized interventions may ultimately prove more effective than generic approaches.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "MS Center Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
    "Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands",
    "MS Center Amsterdam, Rehabilitation Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
    "Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
    "Centre for Rehabilitation & Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK",
    "NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK",
    "Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden",
    "Mental Health & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK",
    "Department of Health, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway",
    "Central Unit for Research, Innovation, and Education in Mental Health, Clinic of Mental Healthcare, St Olavs Hospital, University Hospital Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway",
    "Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
    "School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand",
    "Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand",
    "Center or Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Shalina RD Saddal",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7824-2796"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Blanca De Dios Perez",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5621-9445"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Alejandra Machado"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Emilie Friberg"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Roshan das Nair"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Kathryn Radford",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6246-3180"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Joost G Daams",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8025-4961"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        11,
        12,
        13
      ],
      "name": "Hanneke E Hulst"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Vincent de Groot"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Karin van der Hiele"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Frederieke Schaafsma"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a5w1rd5bfwp8k.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1177/02692155261454943",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13736301/",
  "id": "a5w1rd5bfwp8k",
  "issns": [
    "0269-2155",
    "1477-0873"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155261454943",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Evaluative Studies"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2728|Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies"
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  "openalex": "W7162313171",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13736301",
  "pmid": "42183671",
  "published": "2026-05-25",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a5w1rd5bfwp8k.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:21:47Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13736301",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155261454943"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2728|Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Improving work outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis: A scoping review of non-pharmacological interventions",
  "title_text": "Improving work outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis: A scoping review of non-pharmacological interventions",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:21:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a5w1rd5bfwp8k",
  "venue": "Clinical Rehabilitation",
  "versions": []
}