{
  "abstract": "Objectives: This secondary exploratory analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial developed and compared indices linking administered caffeine dose to habitual intake to characterize variability in performance and side effects in wrestlers. Methods: Seventy-two male wrestlers completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial in which they ingested caffeine (4 mg·kg−1) or placebo 60 min before vertical jump and wrestling-specific testing. Three indices were calculated: DAR, expressing the administered dose as a multiple of the habitual intake; DDI, quantifying the additional caffeine received above habitual intake; and DNI, expressing this additional intake as a proportion of the administered dose. Hierarchical regression models were used to examine whether each index provided incremental explanatory value beyond habitual caffeine intake and absolute caffeine dose. Results: In exploratory hierarchical models adjusted for habitual caffeine intake and absolute dose, DAR was associated with additional explained variance for the change in total throws (ΔR2 = 0.249, p < 0.001), the wrestling performance index (ΔR2 = 0.321, p < 0.001), the Caffeine Utility Index (ΔR2 = 0.160, p < 0.001), and side effect severity (ΔR2 = 0.072, p = 0.008), but not for the change in vertical jump performance (ΔR2 = 0.004, p = 0.586). DDI provided significant incremental explanatory value for the change in total throws (ΔR2 = 0.061, p = 0.027) and the wrestling performance index (ΔR2 = 0.067, p = 0.022). Exploratory quadratic analyses identified a theoretical DAR vertex range between 2.25 and 2.81. Conclusions: These findings support DAR as the principal index for prospective evaluation, but they do not establish a dosing prescription. DAR is not intended to replace body-mass-based dosing (mg·kg−1); rather, it provides a complementary reference dimension that should be applied within established safety limits.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Physical Education, Arv.C., Islamic Azad University, Abadan, Iran",
    "Department of Physical Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran",
    "International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran",
    "Research in Medical Research Center (MRC), Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman",
    "Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran",
    "Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mostafa Khodadoost"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Raoof Negaresh",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4686-4130"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Reza Bagheri",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1433-2906"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Shihab Al-Din Ahmed Said Al-Reiamy",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-2480-3667"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Motahare Mokhtarzade"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Juan Del Coso",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5785-984X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a60ccwmdvg5q8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/nu18213625",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "a60ccwmdvg5q8",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6643"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3625",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-31",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a60ccwmdvg5q8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T00:26:35Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/nu18213625",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3625"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2072-6643",
      "subfield": "nutrition"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Development and Exploratory Evaluation of a Habitual Caffeine Intake-Based Index to Characterize the Ergogenic Response to Caffeine in Wrestlers",
  "title_text": "Development and Exploratory Evaluation of a Habitual Caffeine Intake-Based Index to Characterize the Ergogenic Response to Caffeine in Wrestlers",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T00:21:09Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a60ccwmdvg5q8",
  "venue": "Nutrients",
  "versions": []
}