{
  "abstract": "Longitudinal assessments link test forms through common items. Under item parameter drift, linked ability means and standard deviations depend on the item selection, adding a linking error (LE) to the standard error (SE). Treating mean-geometric mean linking and pairwise Haberman linking across three time points in the two-parameter logistic model as M-estimators, this article derives closed-form LEs and sandwich estimators of LE, SE, and total error (TE). Sandwich and item jackknife LE estimators are bias-corrected for person sampling, including dependent samples. In a simulation study, SE-based intervals undercovered increasingly with sample size, bias-corrected jackknife TE intervals reached acceptable coverage almost everywhere, and sandwich-based intervals undercovered with few items. Longitudinal mathematics data illustrate the estimators, with the LE exceeding the SE.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Oskar Engels"
    },
    {
      "name": "Oliver Lüdtke"
    },
    {
      "name": "Alexander Robitzsch"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a7pzrpv4j79dj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.31234/osf.io/ct4my_v1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "a7pzrpv4j79dj",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ct4my_v1/",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "bepress",
      "Psychometrics"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "Quantitative Methods"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "Social and Behavioral Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "Statistical Methods"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1803|Psychometric Methodologies and Testing"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223027003",
  "pdf_url": "https://osf.io/ct4my/download",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-20",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a7pzrpv4j79dj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:59Z",
      "native_id": "ct4my",
      "source": "osf",
      "url": "https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ct4my_v2/"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "mathematics",
      "origin": "bepress:Statistical Methods",
      "subfield": "statistics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Linking Error Estimation for Mean-Geometric Mean and Pairwise Haberman Linking Across Multiple Time Points in the 2PL Model",
  "title_text": "Linking Error Estimation for Mean-Geometric Mean and Pairwise Haberman Linking Across Multiple Time Points in the 2PL Model",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T12:21:42Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a7pzrpv4j79dj",
  "venue": "PsyArXiv",
  "versions": []
}