{
  "abstract": "Background: Many widely used drugs-including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tetracyclines and thiazide diuretics-are labelled as photosensitising, yet their phototoxicity has been defined almost entirely by ultraviolet A (UVA) exposure. Whether this risk extends to the near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths of lasers commonly used in aesthetic medicine is unclear, and a history of such medication is often treated as a relative contraindication to laser procedures. Methods: A bibliometric analysis of 391 Scopus-indexed publications using VOSviewer was performed to quantitatively map the thematic structure of the retrieved literature. The bibliometric mapping was complemented by sequential refinement of the Scopus corpus and a focused assessment of the final records to determine whether studies directly addressing the predefined experimental question could be identified. We assessed whether 980 nm diode-laser irradiation of normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) induces phototoxicity in the presence of seven photosensitisers (ketoprofen, meloxicam, hydrochlorothiazide, doxycycline and diclofenac, with chlorpromazine and 8-methoxypsoralen as reference photosensitizers). Cells were irradiated through the closed culture-plate lid at two fluences (62.3 and 34.4 mJ/cm and viability was measured 0.5, 1 and 24 h later. Data were analysed by two-way ANOVA (compound × laser), pairwise Welch tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction, and equivalence testing against an ISO 10993-5-based margin. Results: Viability remained between 82.7% and 109.6% of control under all conditions and never fell below the 70% cytotoxicity threshold. The compound × laser interaction was non-significant at every time point (p = 0.25-0.69), indicating no drug-specific phototoxicity, and no pairwise comparison remained significant after correction. A small, drug- and fluence-independent reduction of about six percentage points was observed but stayed well within the non-cytotoxic range and was equally present in drug-free controls. Conclusions: Under the specific 980 nm irradiation conditions tested, the photosensitising drugs did not increase phototoxicity in normal human dermal fibroblasts. These findings support a wavelength-specific view of drug photosafety: rigorous UVA-directed photoprotection remains essential, whereas the tested drugs did not increase phototoxicity under the specific in vitro 980 nm irradiation conditions evaluated in this study.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8b, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.",
    "Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wiktoria Odrzywołek",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9371-0882"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zuzanna Rzepka",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7892-0462"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Małgorzata Bożek",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1060-5113"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Artur Beberok",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2247-3004"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Dorota Wrześniok",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6918-3330"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sławomir Wilczyński",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6066-3127"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a860khc4vjbtr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/pharmaceutics18101259",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13708388",
  "id": "a860khc4vjbtr",
  "issns": [
    "1999-4923"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42942792",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2740|Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220670868",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13708388?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13708388",
  "pmid": "42942792",
  "published": "2026-10-06",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a860khc4vjbtr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42942792",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42942792"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2740|Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Evaluation of Drug-Associated Phototoxicity Under 980 nm Near-Infrared Laser Irradiation in Human Dermal Fibroblasts.",
  "title_text": "Evaluation of Drug-Associated Phototoxicity Under 980 nm Near-Infrared Laser Irradiation in Human Dermal Fibroblasts.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a860khc4vjbtr",
  "venue": "Pharmaceutics",
  "versions": []
}