{
  "abstract": "Background: Walking is accessible, but strategies that increase energy expenditure (EE) without additional time may be useful. We examined EE during treadmill walking with a commercial plantar-vibration shoe combined with internal-focus attentional instructions in healthy young women.\n\nMethods: Twenty-one healthy female university students completed four randomized 5-min treadmill walking trials. This analysis compared three vibration-shoe conditions: non-vibration (Vib-Off), vibration with instruction to feel it strongly (Vib-On), and vibration with instruction to attend to vibration and tactile insole protrusions (Vib+PSI). A conventional-shoe Control trial was used only to code actual trial position. Speed was constant within participants. Breath-by-breath VO2 and VCO2 were measured, and Weir-derived EE was averaged over 180–300 s. Both vibration conditions involved internal focus; vibration characteristics were not objectively measured.\n\nResults: Median EE was 2.66, 2.82, and 2.82 kcal/min in Vib-Off, Vib-On, and Vib+PSI, respectively (Friedman chi-square = 13.802, p = 0.001). EE was higher versus Vib-Off in Vib-On (Z = -2.850, Bonferroni-adjusted p = 0.013; paired Hodges-Lehmann difference 0.17 kcal/min, BCa 95% CI 0.07–0.27) and Vib+PSI (Z = -3.267, Bonferroni-adjusted p = 0.003; difference 0.20, BCa 95% CI 0.11–0.50). Vib+PSI did not differ from Vib-On (difference 0.02, BCa 95% CI -0.04–0.15; Bonferroni-adjusted p = 1.000). In the preferred mixed-effects model using actual trial position 1–4, no period term was significant and both contrasts versus Vib-Off remained significant; in a secondary compressed-period model, only Vib+PSI remained significant.\n\nConclusions: Commercial plantar-vibration-shoe walking under internal-focus instructions was associated with small EE differences. The absolute magnitude was small, practical significance and measurement-error exceedance are uncertain, and vibration-specific effects cannot be isolated. Findings are preliminary and hypothesis-generating.\n\nTrial registration: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, UMIN000061453. Registered 5 May 2026. Retrospectively registered.\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01930-3.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 1-1 Gakuen-Cho, Mihara, Hiroshima 723-0053 Japan"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ryota Okoba"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Masaki Hasegawa"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a8ynv2wr6r3h2.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01930-3",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13737641/",
  "id": "a8ynv2wr6r3h2",
  "issns": [
    "2052-1847"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01930-3",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2732|Effects of Vibration on Health"
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  "openalex": "W7171668031",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13737641",
  "pmid": "42983763",
  "published": "2026-07-29",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a8ynv2wr6r3h2.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:22:46Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13737641",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01930-3"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2732|Effects of Vibration on Health",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Energy expenditure during treadmill walking with a commercial plantar-vibration shoe and internal-focus attentional instructions in healthy young women: an exploratory randomized crossover study",
  "title_text": "Energy expenditure during treadmill walking with a commercial plantar-vibration shoe and internal-focus attentional instructions in healthy young women: an exploratory randomized crossover study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:22:46Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a8ynv2wr6r3h2",
  "venue": "BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation",
  "versions": []
}