{ "abstract": "Terahertz (THz) radiation lies between the microwave and infrared (0.1–10 THz, photon energies ~0.4–40 meV), an energy scale matching the low-energy excitations and picosecond (ps) relaxation of free carriers; this makes THz magneto-optical (MO) spectroscopy a powerful, contactless probe of carrier dynamics in electronic materials. In this review, we summarize the progress in using THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) in the Faraday geometry to study the MO properties of low-dimensional and wide-bandgap materials. We first introduce the experimental principles and the theoretical framework, centered on the generalized MO Drude–Smith model that accounts for photon-induced electronic backscattering, and outline how the longitudinal conductivity and the left- and right-handed circularly polarized MO conductivities or conductances are extracted. We also describe how key electronic parameters, the carrier density, relaxation time, effective mass, static dielectric constant, and localization factor, are determined, with the effective mass obtained under a non-cyclotron resonance condition. We then review and compare studies on representative systems, including monolayer and bilayer MoS2, nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots (N-CNDs), nitrogen-doped diamond, and neutron-irradiated hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Across these systems, common magnetic-field trends emerge: the carrier density and localization factor decrease, while the relaxation time, effective mass, and dielectric constant increase. For nitrogen-doped diamond, the magnetic-field dependences of the Faraday rotation angle and ellipticity reveal a pronounced THz MO response, highlighting its potential as a THz polarization-rotation material. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future prospects, including broader spectral coverage, higher magnetic fields, spatially and time-resolved measurements, temperature and carrier-density control, material-specific modeling, and THz MO devices. This review highlights THz MO spectroscopy as a versatile tool for probing carrier dynamics in low-dimensional and wide-bandgap materials.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Control, School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China", "State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China", "Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China", "Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China", "School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China", "School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China", "Department of Physics, Chongqing Sanxia University of Science and Technology, Wanzhou 404100, China", "School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China", "Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China", "Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium", "Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-760, CE, Brazil", "Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China", "College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China" ], "article_type": "review article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 9, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0, 1 ], "name": "Ali Farooq", "orcid": "0000-0003-2947-0914" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Muhammad Touqeer" }, { "affs": [ 3, 4 ], "name": "Wen Xu" }, { "affs": [ 5 ], "name": "Muhammad Bilal" }, { "affs": [ 6 ], "name": "Huan Xiao" }, { "affs": [ 7 ], "name": "Muhammad Zeeshan", "orcid": "0009-0001-5830-0896" }, { "affs": [ 8 ], "name": "Muhammad Abid Anwar" }, { "affs": [ 9, 10, 11 ], "name": "Francois M. Peeters", "orcid": "0000-0003-3507-8951" }, { "affs": [ 0, 12 ], "name": "Sichao Du", "orcid": "0000-0003-3060-5759" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a92rg1md648gb.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.3390/nano16201298", "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13708519/?tool=EBI", "id": "a92rg1md648gb", "issns": [ "2079-4991" ], "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/20/1298", "language": "eng", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_source": "article", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "openalex", "2208|Terahertz technology and applications" ] ], "openalex": "W7221670596", "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13708519/pdf/?tool=EBI", "pmcid": "PMC13708519", "pmid": null, "published": "2026-10-01", "publisher": "MDPI AG", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a92rg1md648gb.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:45Z", "native_id": "10.3390/nano16201298", "source": "crossref", "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/20/1298" }, { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:26Z", "native_id": "PMC:PMC13708519", "source": "europepmc", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13708519" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "chemistry", "origin": "issn:2079-4991", "subfield": "materials-polymers" } ], "title": "Carrier Dynamics in Low-Dimensional and Wide-Bandgap Materials Probed by Terahertz Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy", "title_text": "Carrier Dynamics in Low-Dimensional and Wide-Bandgap Materials Probed by Terahertz Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:26Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a92rg1md648gb", "venue": "Nanomaterials", "versions": [] }