{
  "abstract": "This study evaluated whether short-term extraction of Thymus vulgaris L. with solvents of different polarity selectively modifies the essential-oil (EO) fingerprint of post-extraction biomass. The initial material contained 1.85% v/w EO, dominated by thymol (53.65%), p-cymene (21.53%), and γ-terpinene (5.28%). Water, 65% glycerol–water, rapeseed oil, and 50% ethanol–water were compared under different time and temperature conditions. Selective retention of six markers was assessed using an apparent marker retention index (AMRI), combining residual EO content with relative GC-FID composition, together with SEF, thymol-profile ratios, and CLR-PCA. Under solvent-specific reference conditions, thymol AMRI was 59.2% for water, 39.3% for glycerol, 18.4% for oil, and 27.2% for ethanol. The strongest relative enrichment occurred for (E)-caryophyllene after glycerol extraction (AMRI 149.8%; SEF 3.26). CLR-PCA explained 90.2% of compositional variability in the first two components and revealed solvent-dependent reorganization of the marker profile. Water and nanowater produced the highest integrated polar-functional response based on TPC, TFC, and DPPH. These results show that extraction can selectively modify the chemical fingerprint of the residual volatile fraction without implying a change in the biologically determined chemotype, supporting targeted fractionation and sequential use of post-extraction thyme biomass.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-704 Lublin, Poland",
    "Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition and Agriculture Sciences, The State University of Applied Sciences in Chełm, 22-100 Chełm, Poland",
    "Department of Tourism and Recreation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Radosław Kowalski",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3063-8710"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Klaudia Kałwa",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0369-1121"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Artur Mazurek",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7848-6301"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Grażyna Kowalska"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a98gnwzza8x2q.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/molecules31213796",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "a98gnwzza8x2q",
  "issns": [
    "1420-3049"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3796",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1106|Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223170116",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a98gnwzza8x2q.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/molecules31213796",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3796"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:1420-3049",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Solvent-Dependent Selective Retention of Essential-Oil Markers and Modification of the Thymol-Type Chemical Fingerprint in Post-Extraction Thymus vulgaris L. Biomass",
  "title_text": "Solvent-Dependent Selective Retention of Essential-Oil Markers and Modification of the Thymol-Type Chemical Fingerprint in Post-Extraction Thymus vulgaris L. Biomass",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/a98gnwzza8x2q",
  "venue": "Molecules",
  "versions": []
}