{
  "abstract": "Lichens are a promising but insufficiently explored source of bioactive secondary metabolites. This study aimed to characterize Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. extract and evaluate, under in vitro conditions, its anti- Helicobacter pylori and urease-inhibitory activity, immunomodulatory effects, gastrointestinal bioaccessibility, food-matrix interactions, and effects on selected lactic-acid bacteria. The extract was dominated by physodic acid (32%), physodalic acid (23%), 3-hydroxyphysodic acid (17%), and atranorin (11%). It inhibited tested H. pylori strains, including isolates with different antibiotic-resistance phenotypes, with MIC values of 31.25–125 mg/L, and inhibited urease with an IC₅₀ of 14.45 mg/L. In LPS-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages, the extract reduced NO and ROS levels, COX-2 protein levels, and phagocytosis, while cell viability remained largely unaffected up to 75 µg/mL. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion showed limited, metabolite-dependent soluble bioaccessibility; food matrices, particularly protein-rich ones, markedly affected metabolite recovery. Relative protein digestibility decreased by up to 25%, whereas starch digestibility was unaffected. The digested extract did not inhibit the nine tested lactic-acid bacterial strains. Overall, these in vitro findings support further investigation, but toxicological, microbiome, mechanistic, and in vivo studies are required before functional-food applications can be established.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Sławomir Dresler",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4413-3748"
    },
    {
      "name": "Izabela Baczewska"
    },
    {
      "name": "Katarzyna Sawa-Wejksza"
    },
    {
      "name": "Izabela Korona-Głowniak"
    },
    {
      "name": "Katarzyna Suśniak"
    },
    {
      "name": "Łukasz Sęczyk"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dominik Szwajgier"
    },
    {
      "name": "Klaudia Gustaw"
    },
    {
      "name": "Grzegorz Borowski"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wirginia Kukula-Koch"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aafc3h0zathw8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-74695-x",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "aafc3h0zathw8",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74695-x",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1105|Lichen and fungal ecology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221822512",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74695-x_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-14",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aafc3h0zathw8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:28Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41598-026-74695-x",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74695-x"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1105|Lichen and fungal ecology",
      "subfield": "ecology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Bioaccessibility, anti-Helicobacter pylori activity and immunomodulatory effects of Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. extract: in vitro assessment of potential food-related applications",
  "title_text": "Bioaccessibility, anti-Helicobacter pylori activity and immunomodulatory effects of Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. extract: in vitro assessment of potential food-related applications",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:28Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aafc3h0zathw8",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}