{
  "abstract": "Objective: To characterize qualitative Clock Drawing Test (CDT) error profiles across dementia etiologies and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to propose a clinically interpretable six-class framework.\n\nMethods: In a hospital-based study in Kolkata, India, consecutive adults with cognitive impairment completed a free-drawn “ten past ten” CDT. Errors were coded using classical qualitative categories and clock components (face, numbers, hands), then collapsed into six classes: conceptual, stimulus-bound/perseveration, spatial, planning, number-related, and graphic-conceptual. For nonexclusive domains, omnibus Pearson χ² tests summarized error distributions across diagnoses; Cramér’s V quantified effect size.\n\nResults: Participants included Alzheimer’s disease (AD; n = 36), vascular dementia (VaD; n = 16), behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD; n = 9), MCI (n = 19), and other conditions (n = 22). Although 50.0% drew a normal clock face, only 11.8% achieved perfect numbering and 12.7% set the hands correctly. Conceptual errors were most frequent (70.6%), followed by spatial errors (47.1%); neglect and counterclockwise numbering were rare (3.9% each). Error distributions differed by diagnosis for face, numbers, and hands (all p < 0.001; V = 0.4–0.5). The six-class scheme retained a significant distributional association with diagnosis (χ² = 43.365, p = 0.002; V = 0.3): bvFTD showed prominent conceptual and graphic-conceptual failures, AD combined conceptual and spatial errors, MCI emphasized spatial and number-related errors, and VaD was heterogeneous.\n\nConclusions: Qualitative CDT profiles vary meaningfully across cognitive disorders. This concise six-class framework captures clinically salient patterns, especially in severely degraded drawings, and may complement brief memory screening and digital CDT metrics.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Neurology, Medical College Kolkata, Kolkata, India",
    "Department of Neurology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain",
    "Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain",
    "Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain",
    "Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ankur Banik"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sandip Pal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Asutosh Pal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Moukoli Pal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Indranil Dutta"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Dilip Roy"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Amrit Chattopadhyay"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Julian Benito-Leon",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1769-4809"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ab5eb6ytpvk25.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1017/s1092852926101072",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13732618/",
  "id": "ab5eb6ytpvk25",
  "issns": [
    "1092-8529",
    "2165-6509"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852926101072",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2738|Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7165204957",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/48541298713F9E623E381C3CD5B6E16E/S1092852926101072a.pdf/div-class-title-qualitative-clock-drawing-errors-across-dementia-etiologies-and-mild-cognitive-impairment-a-clinically-interpretable-six-class-framework-div.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13732618",
  "pmid": "42312459",
  "published": "2026-06-18",
  "publisher": "Cambridge University Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ab5eb6ytpvk25.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:22:34Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13732618",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852926101072"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2738|Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Qualitative clock-drawing errors across dementia etiologies and mild cognitive impairment: a clinically interpretable six-class framework",
  "title_text": "Qualitative clock-drawing errors across dementia etiologies and mild cognitive impairment: a clinically interpretable six-class framework",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:22:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ab5eb6ytpvk25",
  "venue": "CNS Spectrums",
  "versions": []
}