{
  "abstract": "Titanium and its alloys are widely used in biomedical applications because of their favorable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. This study comparatively evaluated the electrochemical behavior of Ti-CP2, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V in Ringer's solution using electrochemical noise (EN), empirical mode decomposition (EMD), Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), and scanning electron microscope/Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) SEM/EDS characterization. Statistical EN analysis revealed marked differences among the investigated materials. Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo exhibited the highest noise resistance (45,412 ± 57 Ω·cm²), followed by Ti-6Al-4V (11,784 ± 39 Ω·cm²) and Ti-CP2 (4114 ± 45 Ω·cm²), whereas relatively low localization index values were obtained for all three materials (0.02634-0.06). EMD revealed four, five, and six intrinsic mode functions for Ti-CP2, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V, respectively. Hilbert time-frequency-amplitude analysis further demonstrated distinct temporal and frequency distributions of the electrochemical fluctuations, with Ti-6Al-4V exhibiting the broadest and most persistent distribution of transient activity. SEM/EDS revealed localized post-exposure compositional heterogeneity and different degrees of accumulation of electrolyte-derived species but was not interpreted as direct evidence of passive-film chemistry or integrity. Overall, the combined statistical EN, EMD, Hilbert time-frequency, and SEM/EDS results demonstrate distinct passive electrochemical responses among the three titanium materials, with Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo exhibiting the highest resistance to electrochemical fluctuations under the investigated conditions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Ingeniería Aeronáutica (CIIIA)/Facultad de Medicina, Facultad de Ingenieria Mecanica y Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Mexico.",
    "Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91000, Mexico.",
    "Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez, Metal-Mechanics Department, Av. Tecnológico, 1340, Ciudad Juárez 32500, Mexico.",
    "Área Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Hidalgo 42082, Mexico."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Citlalli Gaona-Tiburcio",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9072-3090"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Erick Maldonado-Bandala"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jesús Manuel Jáquez-Muñoz",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0930-8135"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Demetrio Nieves-Mendoza",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6878-4740"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ce Tochtli Méndez-Ramírez",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-3877-1703"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bruno Almeraya-Gaona"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Laura Landa-Ruiz",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0248-2747"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Brenda Baltazar-Garcia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Francisco Estupinan-Lopez",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7890-4235"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Luis Daimir Lopez-Leon",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5871-7707"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Javier Olguin-Coca",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3279-1316"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Facundo Almeraya-Calderón",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3014-2814"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/abe41xbnmar8r.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ma19204337",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13707134",
  "id": "abe41xbnmar8r",
  "issns": [
    "1996-1944"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42941080",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2505|Titanium Alloys Microstructure and Properties"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222065244",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13707134?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13707134",
  "pmid": "42941080",
  "published": "2026-10-15",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/abe41xbnmar8r.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42941080",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42941080"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2505|Titanium Alloys Microstructure and Properties",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Comparative Electrochemical Noise Characterization of Ti-CP2, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V in Ringer's Solution Using Statistical and Hilbert-Huang Analyses.",
  "title_text": "Comparative Electrochemical Noise Characterization of Ti-CP2, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V in Ringer's Solution Using Statistical and Hilbert-Huang Analyses.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/abe41xbnmar8r",
  "venue": "Materials (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}