{
  "abstract": "Background: Exercise plays a central role in diabetes management by modulating glucose homeostasis and metabolic gene networks. This study investigated the effects of a 6-week high-intensity treadmill exercise protocol on GLUT4, TNF-α, and INSIG1 mRNA expression in soleus muscle and blood glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.\n\nMethods: In this randomized experimental study, 45 eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to Control (C), Sedentary diabetic (S), and Exercise diabetic (E) groups (n=15/group). Diabetes was induced via a single intraperitoneal STZ injection (60 mg/kg) and confirmed 72 h post-injection (blood glucose >200 mg/dL). Group E underwent treadmill exercise (30 min/day, 5 days/week, 6 weeks). Blood glucose was assessed longitudinally, and soleus muscle GLUT4, TNF-a, and INSIG1 mRNA expression levels were analyzed post-intervention via qRT-PCR.\n\nResults: Blood glucose levels were 80.33 ± 7.79, 86.33 ± 7.94, and 88.27 ± 6.52 mg/dL at weeks 1, 3, and 6, respectively, in the C group; 356.64 ± 160.63, 361.91 ± 133.09, and 362.64 ± 116.10 mg/dL in the S group; and 452.13 ± 165.34, 376.73 ± 189.70, and 286.80 ± 145.92 mg/dL in the E group. Mixed-effects analysis revealed significant main effects of group (F(2,38) = 29.520, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.608) and time (F(2,76) = 6.651, p = 0.022, ηp² = 0.149), and a significant group × time interaction (F(4,76) = 9.143, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.325). Although blood glucose decreased progressively in E, post-test levels did not differ significantly between E and S. GLUT4 mRNA expression was significantly higher, whereas TNF-α mRNA expression was significantly lower in E than S (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in INSIG1 mRNA expression between E and S (p > 0.05).\n\nConclusion: A 6-week high-intensity treadmill exercise regimen was associated with significant GLUT4 upregulation and reduced TNF-α mRNA expression in soleus muscle, without significant post-intervention blood glucose differences compared with sedentary diabetic controls. These findings suggest localized transcriptional adaptations rather than restoration of systemic glucose homeostasis or superior glycemic control under STZ-induced diabetic conditions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Physical Education Teaching, Ministry of Education",
    "Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University",
    "Faculty of Sports Sciences, Kocaeli University",
    "Baskil Vacational School, Firat University",
    "Department of Physical Education and Sports, Fırat University"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sezgin Hepsert"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Semih Dalkılıç"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lütfiye Kadıoğlu Dalkılıç"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "İbrahim Aydınlı"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Dilek Arslan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Mehmet Akif Sarı"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Yakup Kılıc"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/acxd1wvyb4m8b.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fendo.2026.1973677",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13686915",
  "id": "acxd1wvyb4m8b",
  "issns": [
    "1664-2392"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1973677/full",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221046225",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13686915?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13686915",
  "pmid": "42922857",
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/acxd1wvyb4m8b.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:20Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fendo.2026.1973677",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1973677/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42922857",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42922857"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effects of high-intensity treadmill exercise on GLUT4, TNF-α, and INSIG1 mRNA expression and blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats",
  "title_text": "Effects of high-intensity treadmill exercise on GLUT4, TNF-α, and INSIG1 mRNA expression and blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/acxd1wvyb4m8b",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Endocrinology",
  "versions": []
}