{
  "abstract": "Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is driven by progressive pancreatic β-cell failure, and few glucose-lowering agents demonstrably modify this defect. This systematic review assessed whether tirzepatide, a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, improves β-cell function in adults with T2DM. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase were searched from inception to July 29, 2026, with citation searching. Eligible reports were original peer-reviewed primary human studies reporting a quantitative measure of β-cell function in adults receiving subcutaneous tirzepatide; preclinical and non-original reports were excluded. Risk of bias was appraised with risk of bias 2 (RoB 2) tool and The Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions, Version 2 (ROBINS-I). Heterogeneity of outcome metrics precluded meta-analysis, so findings were synthesised narratively. Eight reports representing six distinct populations and 3,442 unique participants were included. Tirzepatide 5-15 mg weekly raised the Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 of Beta-cell Function (HOMA2-B) by 77% to 163% from baseline, exceeding placebo, dulaglutide and semaglutide 1 mg; fasting intact proinsulin and the intact proinsulin/C-peptide ratio fell by up to 55% and 49%; and the clamp disposition index rose approximately six-fold. Fasting insulin and C-peptide fell in parallel, indicating reduced secretory demand. Risk of bias was low in four reports, of some concern in one, high in two and serious in one. Tirzepatide improves β-cell function indices beyond selective GLP-1 receptor agonism, but the evidence rests largely on post hoc, industry-funded analyses and no study examined function after drug withdrawal. This review was unfunded and unregistered.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Ophthalmology, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, SDN.",
    "Endocrinology, Sligo University Hospital, Sligo, IRL.",
    "Internal Medicine, University Hospital Kerry, Tralee, IRL.",
    "Endocrinology, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Hospital, Riyadh, SAU.",
    "General Medicine, Ahfad University for Women, Khartoum, SDN.",
    "General Medicine, Bon Secours Hospital Limerick, Limerick, IRL.",
    "Internal Medicine, Bupa Care Connect, Jeddah, SAU.",
    "General Medicine, Nizwa Hospital, Nizwa, OMN.",
    "Quality Improvement and Patient Safety, Najran Armed Forces Hospital, Ministry of Defense Health Services, Najran, SAU."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rasha Mahmoud"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ahmed Abdalla Zarrouq Yousif"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Alaa Fathelrahman Mokhtar Osman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Eltayeb Osman Elfaki Omer"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ayaa Ismail Ahmed Talaat"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Omima Mohamed"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Shereen Alnagi Mohammed Akasha"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Emad Salah Fathy Saleh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Hanady Me M Osman"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/adqy58r9ry3pk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.7759/cureus.116733",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13688617",
  "id": "adqy58r9ry3pk",
  "issns": [
    "2168-8184"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42923463",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Diabetes Treatment and Management"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214031893",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13688617?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13688617",
  "pmid": "42923463",
  "published": "2026-09-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/adqy58r9ry3pk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42923463",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42923463"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Diabetes Treatment and Management",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effects of Tirzepatide on Pancreatic β-Cell Function in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.",
  "title_text": "Effects of Tirzepatide on Pancreatic β-Cell Function in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/adqy58r9ry3pk",
  "venue": "Cureus",
  "versions": []
}