{
  "abstract": "Emergency undocking in robotic surgery is an uncommon but high-stakes event. Published protocols are predominantly single-institution and specialty-specific, and no multidisciplinary cross-specialty consensus exists. This study aimed to establish expert consensus on the definitions and procedural steps of safe emergency undocking. A four-round modified Delphi study was conducted with an international panel of robotic theatre team members. Round 1 used open-text questions to generate themes; Rounds 2 to 4 presented binary statements (Yes / No / Unable to rate), with a pre-specified threshold of 80% agreement and Unable to rate responses excluded from the denominator. Items below threshold, or reaching threshold with substantive comments, were revised and re-presented. Fifty-two experts from 10 countries consented and completed Round 1. The panel comprised lead or experienced console surgeons (53.8%), first assistants (30.8%), surgical care practitioners (9.6%), anaesthetists (3.8%), and one industry representative (1.9%). Response rates were 80.8%, 80.8%, and 76.9% for Rounds 2 to 4 respectively. Thirty-seven statements reached consensus, comprising two definitions, six common pathway items, 18 controlled undocking items, and 11 uncontrolled undocking items. Of the 37 statements, 25 were classified as platform-agnostic and 12 as platform-dependent. Three role-allocation items were deferred to a planned subsequent round. This Delphi process produced 37 consensus statements defining controlled and uncontrolled emergency undocking and the steps for each. The panel was predominantly United Kingdom-based and surgical, and included no scrub or circulating practitioners. The resulting framework requires simulation and clinical validation before implementation.\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-026-04102-0.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Division of Surgical and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK",
    "Griffin Institute, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, UK"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "George Ryan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Taner Shakir"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Nader Francis"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/adyv43q01fx1v.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s11701-026-04102-0",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13696567/",
  "id": "adyv43q01fx1v",
  "issns": [
    "1863-2483",
    "1863-2491"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-026-04102-0",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2746|Surgical Simulation and Training"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223575613",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13696567?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13696567",
  "pmid": "42928390",
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/adyv43q01fx1v.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:54Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13696567",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-026-04102-0"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:18Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42928390",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42928390"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|Surgical Simulation and Training",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Emergency undocking in robotic surgery: an international Delphi consensus study",
  "title_text": "Emergency undocking in robotic surgery: an international Delphi consensus study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:33:53Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/adyv43q01fx1v",
  "venue": "Journal of Robotic Surgery",
  "versions": []
}