{
  "abstract": "Selective decalcification of vanadium-bearing steel slag via hydrochloric acid pretreatment was investigated in this work. The influences of hydrochloric acid concentration, temperature, reaction time, and liquid-to-solid ratio on Ca and V leaching from mechanically activated and non-activated slag are evaluated. The results show that mechanical activation significantly enhances decalcification selectivity. At an HCl concentration of 1.5 mol·L−1, 40 °C, 8 min, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 7 mL·g−1, the Ca extraction reached 77.10%, while the V loss rate remains at only 6.08%, resulting in a separation index (SI) of 12.7, significantly higher than that of the non-activated slag (SI = 3.9). XRD and SEM-EDS analyses show the disappearance of Ca2SiO4, CaO, and Fe3O4 after decalcification, accompanied by the formation of a loose and porous surface structure. Ca2SiO4 preferentially dissolves due to its porous structure, whereas Ca2Fe2O5 remains because of its dense layered structure. Furthermore, the lower bond energy of Ca-O than V-O facilitates selective decalcification. ICP analysis shows that the CaO content decreases from 40.83% to 19.87%, while the V2O5 content increases from 2.19% to 2.49%, resulting in vanadium enrichment. Kinetic analysis suggests a shrinking-core model for the decalcification process, with the reaction being predominantly governed by surface chemical control. The apparent reaction order and activation energy are 0.73 and 20.28 kJ·mol−1 respectively. These findings provide theoretical support for selective calcium removal and vanadium enrichment from vanadium-bearing steel slag.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China",
    "Yanzhao Iron and Steel Laboratory, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Street, Tangshan 063210, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Minhao Zhang",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-2988-0709"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zekun Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xuan Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ang Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Le Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6604-8299"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jinglong Liang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aeaepbmyctbb5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/molecules31203596",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13708011/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "aeaepbmyctbb5",
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  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QD241-441"
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    [
      "openalex",
      "2204|Metal Extraction and Bioleaching"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W7221137034",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13708011/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13708011",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aeaepbmyctbb5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/molecules31203596",
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      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3596"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:34Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13708011",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13708011"
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T14:21:33Z",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31203596"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "lcc:QD241-441",
      "subfield": "organic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Mechanism of Mechanical Activation-Assisted Selective Decalcification of Vanadium-Bearing Steel Slag",
  "title_text": "Mechanism of Mechanical Activation-Assisted Selective Decalcification of Vanadium-Bearing Steel Slag",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T14:21:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aeaepbmyctbb5",
  "venue": "Molecules",
  "versions": []
}