{
  "abstract": "Thick, dispersion-engineered silicon nitride is a leading platform for integrated third-order nonlinear optics, supporting supercontinuum and frequency comb generation. However, it lacks the second-order nonlinearity required by many applications. Here we bond pre-fabricated x-cut thin-film lithium niobate membranes onto finished silicon nitride waveguides as a back-end step, compatible with commercially fabricated waveguides. A single silicon nitride waveguide generates an octave-spanning supercontinuum and, through the lithium niobate membrane, concurrent second-harmonic, sum- and difference-frequency generation. These results open new possibilities for thick silicon nitride photonics, from visible light generation to on-chip $f$-$2f$ comb self-referencing, a key step towards miniaturised timing and navigation quantum technologies.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.31243",
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Natale G. Pruiti"
    },
    {
      "name": "Cosmin Suciu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Eugenio Di Gaetano"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jonathan M. Silver"
    },
    {
      "name": "Douglas J. Paul"
    },
    {
      "name": "Marc Sorel"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aezt919rhhr89.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.31243",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "aezt919rhhr89",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.31243",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "physics.optics"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3107|Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223312999",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.31243",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aezt919rhhr89.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:34:34Z",
      "native_id": "2610.31243",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.31243"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:physics.optics",
      "subfield": "optics-photonics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Second- and third-order nonlinearities in silicon nitride waveguides via heterogeneous integration of lithium niobate membranes",
  "title_text": "Second- and third-order nonlinearities in silicon nitride waveguides via heterogeneous integration of lithium niobate membranes",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:34:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/aezt919rhhr89",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}