{
  "abstract": "Objective: To identify baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features associated with treatment response in post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction (PTOD) and to develop an exploratory MRI-based risk score.\n\nMethods: This single-center retrospective cohort study included 41 patients with PTOD and 41 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Olfactory bulb (OB) volume, morphology, and integrity, olfactory sulcus depth, and structural lesions in olfactory-related cortical regions were assessed on MRI. Olfactory function was evaluated using the Sniffin’ Sticks test, and treatment response was defined as an increase of ≥5.5 points in the Threshold-Discrimination-Identification score. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to select MRI features for model development, from which a simplified integer-based scoring system was derived.\n\nResults: Compared with healthy controls, patients with PTOD had a shallower left olfactory sulcus and lower proportions of convex OB morphology bilaterally. After a median follow-up of 8 months, 16 of 41 patients (39.0%) met the treatment-response criterion. Three MRI features were retained in the LASSO model: left OB integrity, left orbital gyrus injury, and right temporal lobe injury. The resulting model had an apparent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.885 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.787–0.983). Full-pipeline internal validation yielded a stratified ten-fold cross-validated AUC of 0.733 (95% CI, 0.564–0.901) and a bootstrap optimism-corrected AUC of 0.725. The simplified three-factor scoring system had an apparent AUC of 0.869 (95% CI, 0.761–0.977) and a bootstrap bias-corrected AUC of 0.867, with treatment response rates of 75.0%, 50.0%, and 5.3% in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, respectively. The empirical MRI scoring scheme had an apparent AUC of 0.805 (95% CI, 0.662–0.926); the difference between the two scoring systems was not statistically significant (DeLong p = 0.079).\n\nConclusion: Baseline structural MRI features were associated with treatment response in PTOD. The exploratory three-factor MRI-based score showed potential for risk stratification within this cohort, but prospective external validation is required before clinical application.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College",
    "Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital",
    "Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital",
    "Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ziyi Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yifan Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jixin Luan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yihan Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Shanshan Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ruoqi Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tianyang Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Shijia Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Haoyu Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jianfeng Liu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ag3ynsrd18j8e.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fneur.2026.1976254",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "ag3ynsrd18j8e",
  "issns": [
    "1664-2295"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1976254/full",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-29",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ag3ynsrd18j8e.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:16Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fneur.2026.1976254",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1976254/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:1664-2295",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "MRI-based prognostic factors and risk stratification for treatment response in post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction",
  "title_text": "MRI-based prognostic factors and risk stratification for treatment response in post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T00:21:08Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ag3ynsrd18j8e",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Neurology",
  "versions": []
}